Edward II of England

Piers Soapstone is a major character of the play, â€Å"Edward II†. He is a minion of Prince Edward. He was banished by King Edward l, as his presence was proving dangerous for Prince Edward. Soon after the dead of king Edward l, he receives a letter from king Edward II asking him to come back to England. â€Å"My father is deceased, come Soapstone, And share the kingdom with thy dearest line of the play) The letter shows that the king has a great love for Soapstone since he asks him to come to â€Å"share the kingdom† with him. Soapstone is very happy at the conclusion of his banishment.He is excited to meet his friend overcoming all the physical hurdles. â€Å"Ah! Words that make me surfeit with delight! What greater bliss can hap to Soapstone Than live and be the favorite of a king! Sweet prince. I come; these, these thy amorous lines Might have enforced me to have swum from France. † (act 1 scene 1, lines 3-7) This soliloquy of Soapstone shows us how keen he is, to meet his friend. The dramatist reveals the relationship between king Edward II and Soapstone. It is believed that there was a homosexual relationship between soapstone and king Edward.So thou wouldst smile, and take me in thin arms. † The emotional letter of king Edward the II evokes strong emotions In the heart of Soapstone. He thinks that his love for the king Is as strong as Oleander's love for Hero. He becomes so impatient to meet the king, that he could even risk his life, if he didn't have any ship to ferry him immediately. He wants to come to England to be with his love, and not because of the city â€Å"Not that I love the city, or the men, But that it harbors him that I hold so dear- The king† He declares that he would love king Edward II even If the whole world hated him.Soapstone promises to bow only before the king, and not before the lordly peers. â€Å"My knee shall bow to none but to the king† This shows that the king holds a very special a s well as important position in the life of soapstone. He knows all the tastes and preferences of the king. He has a desire to give utmost pleasure to the king In all possible ways. All his plans show that he will provide sensual pleasure to the king In different ways. He Informs that he will get In entertain the king by â€Å"music and poetry'. He arranged for † Sweet speeches,COMEDIES, AND PLEASING SHOWS† to delight king Edward II. Some of his actors of â€Å"Italian masques† would be dressed â€Å"like sylvan nymphs† Andromeda of the actors playing the roles of â€Å"Satyrs† who would graze on the lawns with â€Å"goat feet†. All this shows the deep affections of Soapstone for king Edward II. The tastes of the king are fully reflected in the plans that Soapstone makes to delight and please him. Soapstone doesn't care about what the world says and thinks about his relationship with king Edward. He wants to return from his exile as soon as p ossible and spend laity time with his love.Despite the fact that he is hated and threatened by all the nobles, he continues his relationship with king Edward II. Soapstone belongs to a minority class. He has a homosexual relationship with king Edward II which was not accepted during that time. People having a man to man relationship were looked down upon by the society. This was the reason why king Edward had exiled Soapstone from England. Even after the return of soapstone, he was constantly threatened by the nobles and lords. He was always rejected by the society, so his life as centered around the person who loved him, that is king Edward II.Soapstone could even risk his life to be with him. Gavotte's harshness and rude behavior is seen in the conversation with the three poor men in the beginning. The prospect of being the most favored person of the king has turned his head. He has decided not to talk to the â€Å"multitude† of common persons and not to bow before the peer s. â€Å"Farewell base stooping to the lordly peers! My knee shall bow to none but to the king. ,† He decides to act as a high profile man, and ill-treats three ordinary people who want is help.Dismiss them, one of them, who is a soldier, curses him for treating him slightingly. He thinks that the common people are like â€Å"dying sparks† in the cold ashes. What he wants to say is that, the persons without entities are of no account to him, since their poverty will be of no avail. He would rather pay attention to the wind that touches his lips and flies away than to the person of insignificance. â€Å"As for the multitude , that are but sparks, Ranked up in embers of their poverty I'll fawn first on the wind That glance at my lips, and fleets away. †This shows the arrogant side of Soapstone. Soapstone is also betrayed as an evil genius. He does not want to mix with the common people as they are poor. This clearly shows his evil desires and the reason for being with king Edward II. He knows how to make use of other people which we see in his (aside) â€Å"I'll flatter these and make them live in hope†. Soapstone wants to take advantage of his authority and his mind starts manipulating strategies to have the king in his clutches so that he can do as he wishes. â€Å"musicians, that with touching of a string May draw the pliant king which way I please†Soapstone is cynically planning to trap the young monarch's mind . When he is the fore-front suggests his cunningness and his pretence of a true friend is seen when . soapstone is extremely selfish. He exploits the knowledge of the kings knowledge. He widens the rift between the king and the queen. Soapstone has influenced the king to such an extent that the king would provide him with all the luxuries and comforts, while ignoring his kingly duties. Piers has cultivated to perfection the art of flattery and he uses it at every step while dealing with his sole patron-the king.

Anthro fieldnotes

Define and give a bit of its significance, such what these people/things/practices/ rules are and do in the book (go to other side of page or a new one if necessary): Text never A shaman who was believed to have the ability to enter a trance and negotiate for his patient's health. Was mainly used by Hong people who couldn't conceive children. Dab a malevolent spirit that was detaining a child birth. Huh plug soul calling, which In Laos was always the third day after child birth.Are aqua dab peg and epilepsy the same thing? Write how you think each one Is the same or different. They are basically the same thing because they both refer to an illness. Quad dab peg means the spirit catches you and you fall down. (Chapter 4) What were some of the refugees' conceptions of Western doctors and the health care system? Why were taxi enables better than doctors? They thought the Western doctors would chop them up and eat them or sell them as food.Taxi enables ere better than doctors because the y would go to the patient's homes instead of making them go to the hospital. They also came up with diagnostics rather quickly. Fading finds it significant? Why use it to talk about Hong history? What histories do we learn about in this brief chapter? Fading finds it interesting because you can't catch a fish without a pole, and for a pole you need a hook, and for the hook you need to know what kind of fish you are catching and so on.In the short histories you learn about the violent past of the Hong people and what happened in China. How did you feel when the court ordered Lila Lee to be taken away from her parents (p. 59)? Do you believe it was the right decision? Was any other solution possible in the situation? I believe it was unfair because they were only doing in what they believed in. They believed in their traditional ways and not our traditional ways. I don't blame them for not trusting the Western Ways.

Rise and Fall of Countrywide Home Loans, the Mortgage Crisis, and the Essay - 1

Rise and Fall of Countrywide Home Loans, the Mortgage Crisis, and the Default of the American Dream - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the absence of timely solutions yielded to untold stress and even depression among the citizens who resulted in diverse coping skills depending on one’s inclination. The current crises comprise mortgage recession and unemployment crises that have continued to persist despite the current regime’s recovery efforts (Johnson, 2010). Mortgage crisis that is evident currently, emanated from the Americans' enthusiasm coupled with greedy to own houses (Johnson, 2010). Since owning a house as a property is a pride towards the attainment of the glorified â€Å"American Dream† that has made numerous people in 2007 to be victims of the mortgage crisis. The then mortgage rates and even reimbursement installments where manageable, since banks aided willing borrowers in the project via offering low rates. This was easy cash meant for borrowers, who attained it from option-ARMs to qualify for mortgages with a title or no documentati on. In America, that time almost every person qualified for a mortgage even those having poor credit terms, for instance, subprime borrowers. Unfortunately, the rates and installments meant for the borrowers underwent unpredictable alterations due to the global economic meltdown. This prompted people having their installments paying lagging behind by even three months besides other loans. In addition, the issue of foreclosure crept in due to augmented rates, where over 50% of citizens were at the verge of being homeless (Johnson, 2010). Hence, contributing mutually to physical and psychological miseries result in diverse coping behaviors. Unemployment is an economic challenge, which America currently is undergoing coupled with meager earnings from the majority of its permanent jobs. Joblessness is an aspect that is contributing immensely to the dilapidation of numerous citizens’ health, which at some occasions when it extends beyond certain limits yields to chronic maladies ( Hunter & Gillen, 2009). For instance, mental and psychological related diseases that emanate from prolonged unemployment or even financial difficulties due to unsatisfying scanty wages. Studies depict; individuals who have experienced prolonged joblessness probably over 25 weeks are more likely to suffer from mental complications than those employed, despite the salary they attain. Statistics indicate that whites have the lowest percentage of joblessness of approximately as contrasted to other races; a reason that makes the most affected people being, not the original natives (Johnson, 2010). The study also encompasses those people from the marginalized races, who form the majority and at one time in their life thought that committing suicide was a better option. Recession currently has profoundly affected numerous American aspects that entail both private and public enterprises. Its gravity is due to its nature that it affects all the citizens despite they are either high or lower earners since it entails significantly slowing the economy of the state. Hence, result in the retrenching of employees due to scanty profits. For instance, foreign firms those have invested in America, once they realize that they are not making the anticipated profits. They decide to shrink the workforce, thus leaving numerous people jobless and experiencing harsh financial difficulties, which affect them psychologically due to stress or hopelessness.

Konica Minolta business solutions customer service training plan Coursework

Konica Minolta business solutions customer service training plan - Coursework Example The assessment will help in; Organizational analysis examines the areas where training is required and the explicit conditions under which the training will be conducted (Altschuld & Kumar, 2010). It will identify abilities, skills, and knowledge that employees will need for the future in order to meet the organization’s goal of providing substantial services to its loyal customers while helping health care, legal, and educational customers to embrace rapid information movement, reduce costs, improve quality, and enhance security. HR data will be analyzed to indicate areas where introduction of training will boost performance. Tagged among these are departments with high absenteeism rates, high turnover, and poor performance (Noe,  2010). Changes in automation, technology or equipment will also need to be identified. After a thorough analysis, appropriate training will be developed. Moreover, the management will need to offer the required financial support in order to ensure the success of the assessm ent. Moreover, customer complaints and employee grievances will also be considered in order to effectively cover the needs of the organization. Factors to be considered include labor pool, future skills need, and alterations in laws and conventions (Hawthorne, 2007). Individual analysis will target the employees of Konica Minolta Business Solutions and how they perform. Employees will be reviewed to reveal any deficiencies that will aid in the formulation of an effective and efficient training plan. Additionally, employees will also be interviewed (both casual and casual), surveyed, or tested to ascertain their training needs. Employees will be at liberty to indicate the various problems that they have and recommend possible solutions to the problems. Task study will begin with a comparison of employees’ knowledge and skills to

The Effects of Class Size on Academic Achievement Essay

The Effects of Class Size on Academic Achievement - Essay Example According to the study the number of teachers employed would also increase necessitating more income, hence reducing teacher-to-student ratio. Dynarsky, Hyman, & Schanzenbach, states that reduction in the class size increases the rate of class attendance by the students. The higher the number of students that attend classes, the higher the academic achievement since many students would eventually graduate and move to the next level. This increment in academic achievement was more significant in some courses that experience high dropouts such as engineering, mathematics, technology, economics, and business studies. From this study it is clear that smaller class size ensures better and closer relationship between the students and the teachers. This close relationship ensures proper understanding of the syllabus for the students, hence better academic achievement, and it also increases students’ understanding in the studies. Small class size has more influence on the academic achievement of young children who may not be able to learn on their own and constantly require teachers’ guidance. Teachers also finds it much easier to understand better and to recognize their students’ strength and weakness and work towards improving their academic achievement. Moreover, large class size, especially in high school has an advantage in being lively owing to there being diverse characters full of fun, high energy, and always exciting. The class is never boring and seems to be a motivation with many students willing to participate. It eventually encourages both teachers and students always to attend classes and hence reducing absenteeism

Starbucks ethics negative side Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks ethics negative side - Assignment Example Interest of the enterprises to follow and adopt business ethics as part of their functioning has fallen down during the recession period, with unethical practices indirectly leading to recession. (Purlys 711). Starbucks is under this ethical scanner for a long time, and now the global changes on how companies should function ethically, make it imperative on the part of Starbucks to be more ethically sound, but that is not the case, with Starbucks facing problems in organizing in the changing global environment. Although, Starbucks wants to establish itself as the most recognized and respected brand in the world, it is facing some ethical issues and it is negatively affecting its organizing efforts in the changing environment. Starbucks is facing criticism for unethical as well as controversial activities like not compulsorily providing Fair Trade Coffee in all its stores and because of the use of Bovine Growth Hormone milk in its coffees and ice-creams. Fair Trade Coffee is the term given to the coffee beans, which are purchased by Starbucks or other coffee makers through ethical means like providing fair and industry standard prices to the coffee growers in the Home country as well as in the Third World countries. Also, Fair Trade activities including Fair Trade Coffee support and intersect with other community development efforts, grounding and enhancing the resulting benefits (Raynolds, Murray and Taylor 1116). However, Starbucks is accused of not selling these Fair Trade coffees in all its stores compulsorily, instead selling only to the clients, who ask for it or demand it. This way, they still selling non-Fair Trade coffees and because of this unethical practice, they are giving very low prices to the farmers, forcing them into a cycle of poverty and debt, and also not doing enough community services for them. Although, Starbucks’ chairman, Howard Schultz mandated that coffee farmers from its major sources in the African countries

Organizational planning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational planning - Term Paper Example FedEx Corporation structure is in horizontal form (FedEx para 2). Horizontal organizational structure limits staff production, growth and development. Promotion is also limited. The company should adopt matrix organizational structure. Matrix organizational structure promotes staff growth, development. As a result of growth and development they become productive. Matrix structure facilitates employees to rise from one level to the other easily as contrasted to horizontal structure. Recommend organizational structure Structural adaptations. Each employee should be answerable to two managers, the line manager and the project manager. This will improve the company’s efficiency and effectiveness in that high production per individual staff will be realized. This is because each staff will be monitored by two managers who have different expectations. The project manager will expect various employees to deliver and achieve the targets. On the other hand the line manager expects the the employees under his/her leadership to perform effectively and meet various deadlines. The project managers and line managers should also report to departmetal managers and the vice president. The departmental managers and vice presidents should report to the president. The matrix organizational structure has got the following advantages which fit FedEx corporation. Resource coordination The recommeded matrix structure will enable the line and project managers to focus on their expertice and specialization. The line managers will focus on managing, hiring and training employees while the project managers will focus on achieving various goals in particular products. the line manager produces competent human resource through advising the human resource directorate on the skills and competencies required in a particular position. After the successful selection and hiring process the line manager orients and equips the staff with additional skills required in execution of their dutie s and responsibilities. The line manager ensures that the staff under his/her command have the necessary capacity to handle various task as expected by the company (Bryson, 2011). This can be achived through various training and development programs. On the otherhand, the project manager assigns a project to staffs. Such projects have got deadlines and threshholds targets. Projects managers ensures that the targets are achieved. This will facilitate the staff to be productive (Baligh, 2006). Specialization. Employees are placed at their functional areas by the line managers since the project superviours expects them to accomplish specific tasks under their areas of specialization. Specialization enables the employees to exercise creativity. Creativity is an avenue for creation and improvement of products and services (Galbraith, 2008). Through creation and improvement of products and services the company gains competive edge over the competitors. The improved goods ancompetitve edge d services will facilitate the company to acquire over the exsting competitoers while creation of new products and sercices will counter he new markert entrants competitors. Breadth of skill Most coporate projects are broad. Employess from different departments are expected to cordinate in completion of such tasks. Therefore, employees are in constant contact with others who have distinct skills. In efforts to complete project, a particulat

Bond Financing in Gulf Cooperation Council Essay

Bond Financing in Gulf Cooperation Council - Essay Example Bonds are generally referred to validity periods over 10 years and below this period it is referred to as notes. This distinction has disappeared except in the US market. Gulf Co operation Council (GCC) countries traditionally have been dependant on bank loan debt financing for their financial needs. In the past decade globalization has necessitated the widening of horizon and bond financing is increasingly growing in these markets. Emirates group has been innovative in its financing option. Considering the changes in the world economy and responding to the new opportunities Emirates has been the first company to issue bonds in UAE. Their first bonds were issued in July, 2001 for Dhs 750 million, which was over subscribed by 2.5 times (Annual report, 2001-2002). This also has the credit of the first few bonds to be launched in local currency and listed in Dubai financial market. It has proved to be a stepping stone in restructuring the Dubai financial markets. One of the problems in GCC countries to access new financial instruments has been absence of credible credit ratings. UAE central bank had taken an initiative to award sensible credit ratings to outperforming UAE companies. Emirates received a "zero" risk weightage and hence increased credibility and reduced under writing costs during the bond issue. The costs and benefits of Emirates bond issue should be understood in the context of their long term strategic goal. At the time when Emirates issued bonds, they had surplus cash flow and were not in a crunch to raise money. They have taken considerable risk to launch bonds with attractive offering to customers. As per a General Manager in the Emirates Bank Group "EK has priced its bonds at 70 basis points over Emirates Interbank Offered Rate (EIBOR); which is generous compared to the terms at which EK has been raising money in the past from the financial institutions. EK has sweetened the deal by offering attractive interest rates and incurred legal costs and fees and this connotes that this is more of a strategic decision and augur well; in that it has an ambitious expansion plan for extending its service to several long haul routes and aircrafts to reach out to the Americas and Australasia" (Kumar, 2001). As per the company's financial reports, 2001-2002, net proceeds from issue of bonds were equal to AED ('000) 1,495,188. As per Note 15 of their annual report borrowings bonds were netted as in Table 2. As per the table below and the note by Emirates Banking group GM, Emirates has incurred heavy expenses on issuing bonds. These expenses have over weighted the competitive advantage benefits gained by raising finance by issuing bonds. 15. Borrowings and lease commitments - non-current 2002 AED'000 2001 AED'000 Lease commitments (Note 17) 3,570,994 3,179,142 Bonds (see (a) and (b) below) 1,495,188 - Term loans (Note 16) 40,378 30,128 Dnata account (Note 18) 69,873 70,471 5,176,433 3,279,741 (a) Bonds at face value 1,500,000 - Less : Unamortised transactions costs (4,812) - 1,495,188 - Emirates have used the funds raised by Bonds to fund their ambitions of

Summary of Marxism Essay Example for Free

Summary of Marxism Essay For the past few months I’ve been studying and reading Karl Marx’s most important work: Capital (Das Kapital). This thing is enormous. It’s three volumes, containing over 2000 pages. In it Marx attempted to figure out and explain how capitalism ‘works’†¦ What he came up with is fascinating. It is a very detailed and intricate analysis. While Marx is commonly known for being the â€Å"father of communism† the reality is that his major accomplishment is his examination of capitalism. In fact, this may surprise you, Marx never wrote about how communism ‘works,’ which is kind of strange for someone that is considered the father of it. Unfortunately, there is such a negative stigma attached to Marx that we, as a society, are missing out on a very interesting perspective for understanding capitalism. In this post, I will lay out the essence of what Marx was trying to tell us about capitalism. His book Capital is much, much, much more intricate and detailed. But the following is the big picture. Throughout all of human history there is something that happens, no matter what kind of society, no matter when in human history, that we as humans fail to appreciate, consider and integrate into how we understand the world we live in: some people use their brains and their body to transform nature in a useful way, i. e. they do work, and some people do not. The easiest and most simple example is babies. They are not doing work. Often elderly people do not work. Very sick people do not work. Sometimes people who can work, i. e. they are mentally and physically capable of doing work, also do not work. This raises a question: how is it possible for people who do not work to survive? In order for it to be possible for some people to not work and also survive, be it a baby or a capable adult, it must be true that those who do work, produce more stuff than they themselves consume. Otherwise, the people who do not work would die. For each person that works, the produce of their work that goes to maintaining themselves, Marx calls Necessary Labor, and the produce of their work that they do not consume themselves, Marx calls Surplus Labor. So, Marx asks: how does any given society decide 1) who will work, how will they work, and how much of what they produce will go to them†¦ 2) who will not work, but live off of the surplus labor of those who do work, and how much will they get? Marx says that how a society decides to deal with this issue shapes the society in various ways: culturally, politically, economically, etc†¦ and if we don’t recognize how this shapes society, we are missing a very important part of understanding how and why our society is the way it is. Again: who works, who doesn’t, how much of the produce does each group get, and how is that decided. Marx breaks the history of humans down into 5 types of arrangements based on how the Surplus is distributed to those who do not produce it. 1)) Communism – a community or a group of people work together, and they produce a surplus, maintain it, and themselves distribute it to those that do not work. For example, if a group of us grow some food, and we have more than we are going to consume, we decide how to distribute the extra. 2)) Ancient – the work is not done not by a group of people, but by individuals alone. This would be someone that is self-employed, and produces stuff on his or her own. For example, if I grow some food, and I have more than I am going to consume, I decide how to distribute the extra. At this point, Marx makes a distinction. The following three types of arrangement have something in common that is different than the first two, and it is this: the people who do the work that produces the surplus are not in control of the surplus that they produce, and therefore are not in control of distributing it. Marx calls these systems exploitative. The producers of the surplus are exploited, and all this means is that the producers of the surplus do not maintain and distribute the extra. )) Slave – if the work is done by a person or a group of people and none of what that person or the group produces belongs to them. What they produce is maintained and distributed by the slave owner. For example, if a slave produces some food, the slave owner decides how much the slave gets, how much the slave owner gets, and how to distribute the extra. 4)) Feudalism â⠂¬â€œ the work is done by a serfs, and some of the time is spent producing what is for them, and some other amount of time is spent producing what then belongs to the feudal lord. The lord maintains and distributes the surplus. For example, if a serf produces some food, some of the food belongs to the serf, and the rest belongs to the feudal lord, and the feudal lord decides how to maintain and distribute the extra. 5)) Capitalist – the work is done by wage or salary earners, and they do not control, maintain, or distribute the surplus that they produce. They receive a wage or salary, and all of what they produce belongs to the capitalist/owner. For example, if some workers grow some food, they are paid a wage or salary equivalent to some of that food, but importantly not all of it, and the capitalist maintains control of and distributes the surplus/extra. Marx claims, I think correctly, there is only one reason why a capitalist/owner/employer would pay a worker a wage or salary, and that is if he or she is going to get more out of the worker than the value of what worker contributes during his or her working hours. What’s interesting is this relationship, between the capitalist/employer and the worker/employee, is that it is closest to the slave/slave owner relationship. Hence why sometimes capitalism is referred to as wage-slavery. They are certainly not the same, but strangely they are more similar to each other than the capitalist and the ancient is. again, ancient refers to self-employed) Here’s an irony: in our modern day capitalist America, the American Dream for a lot of people is to be self-employed. According to Marx, self-employment is NOT capitalism. It is the â€Å"ancient† form of production. Capitalism, on the other hand, is a relationship where someone (a capitalist), pays someone else (a worker), to do work for them, and in this relationship the worker contributes MORE than they receive in the form of a wage or salary. It is precisely in paying workers less than they contribute that the capitalist/owner is able to make a profit. The common objection to this Marxist perspective is: â€Å"But the capitalist/owner is risking his or her own money in the business, so they have to receive a profit, or why else would they invest their money in starting a business. † Indeed, I don’t think Marx would disagree. Thats how capitalism works This is Marxs fundamental insight of capitalism: the profits of capitalists/owners come from the exploitation of workers, i. e. paying them less than the value they contribute to the business. This raises an nteresting question: is what’s best for our ‘Job-Creators’ in America (capitalists/owners) also what’s best for the majority of Americans who live on wages and salaries? Is it any wonder that Marxism is a taboo subject in America? What if Marxism becomes common knowledge, and workers start thinking to themselves: do we really need the capitalists/owners? Could we collectively run businesses and make decisions as groups, i. e. communally (co mmunist)? If so, wouldnt we then get the full value of what we contribute in our working hours?

Dialog Different Means of Travelling Essay Example for Free

Dialog Different Means of Travelling Essay L – daughter O – father S – mother S: Darling, wherere you? Weve already been sitting here for 20 minutes. Come on! Leave your  «Babe » for a while. Its important! L: Yeah, daddy, please. Im very tired and I want to snooze (Ð ²Ã ·Ã ´Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'), but mom said that I wouldnt go to bed until we came to an agreement. O: All right, all right. Im here.  «Babe », Ill be back soon. S: Oh, your car wont disappear unlike us. If you want to stay at home with your dear bucket (Ð ³Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã »Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã °), I can easily arrange it for you, and we with Susan will travel the world alone. O: Oh, women-women, what a wet blanket they are! (Murmuring) L: Daddy, weve heard every word youve said. S: Well, we have to define 2 main points: the first one is where to go and the second one is which means of travelling to choose. O: As for me, theres nothing better than to travel by car – a good, fast car, I mean. When youre in a plane or smth like that you have to be driven by someone else, but travel by car is a more personal experience, for there you can drive yourself. S: Darling, your racers past wont live till your death. How could you be so bigoted? You cant stop thinking about your racing car even for a minute! L: Mom, I think that you too exaggerate. Dont be jealous. I absolutely agree with dad. What can be better than a spin in his car at a weekend! What a thrill its to feel the car rush forward and to feel the wind in your face! S: Sweetie, I know that car has a plenty of advantages, for example, it gives a possibility to go as slowly, or as fast as you wish, stop when and where you choose, get out at any time and walk where you like, but it has some disadvantages too. O: Can you tell them to us, please? Im sure that youre going to recollect our last trip to Wales by car that was 10 years ago! Am I right? S: As always! I remember quite well how we got stuck in the mud and then got a flat tyre. Besides it was a real torture to ride on a bumpy road and had no conveniences at hand. L: Its true, dad, nowadays therere speed limits practically everywhere, and so we wont be able to experience the real joy of speed. Moreover, therere numerous traffic jams, hold-ups and round-abouts on the roads, so our journey will be  very slow. S: And despite of the absence of timetable, which is so hateful for me, I want all of us to have a pleasant and interesting rest and car, unfortunately, isnt the best variant, because it can be extremely tiring for you. O: So kind of you to take care of me in such a way. So lets choose some other alternative. What do you think about travelling by plane? L: Its cool! Im simply fascinated by this means of transport. Its the fastest and the most convenient one, I think. We can travel to any part of the world, even to New Zealand. I want to see kiwi bird with my own eyes. Its a national symbol of this country. S: Im very glad that my family isnt airsick, but youve forgotten about me. O: No, we havent. Youre not airsick too and you cant be, because youre a flight attendant, my darling. Besides, itll be very easy for you to arrange our flight and maybe well have some discounts from your airline. S: You both are impossible. I want to recharge my batteries too and to have a rest from my work, from airplanes, from hitting air-pockets, from lots of registration formalities. And dont you know that this means of transport depends on the weather greatly. L: We know, mommy. Dont worry; we wont travel by plane this time. Still, we dont have a great desire to contact with new problems and as you always say, Heathrow has a plenty of them – too many people, too many planes and too much crime. S: Thank you very much for your understanding. And what is your opinion about travelling by ship, to Spain, maybe or somewhere else? Weve never been on a voyage. Besides as far as I remember therere more than 10 major ports in Britain. O: And I know that sea passengers can use roll-on-roll-off ferries, hovercrafts, hydrofoils and high-speed catamarans. I reckon that travelling with the help of such unusual means of transport will be very exciting. L: And Id like to see those colossal ships, I dont remember their name†¦ S: Cruisers, I suppose†¦ L: Yes, mom thanks. So Id like to see cruisers from the landing-stage along the quay, to stand on the top deck and imagine that I’m Rose, the main heroine of the film  «Titanic ». O: Susan Brown! Youre too young for this kind of adventures and tragic love! All in all, youre not adult enough to have a boyfriend! L: Nothing serious, it was just a little joke, but it was so laughable to see your eyes which were those of a frightened child, and by the way, daddy, Im 14. S: Sweetie, stop making fun of your father. We both  are in anxiety about you. But lets return to travelling by ship. Im sure that breathing a fresh air and admiring sunsets will return a good condition to our nerves and health. O: Darling, thats all very nice, but Im not sure about the possible cost of such voyage. It seems to me that itll be very high, because therere a lot of activities for recreation and entertainment, good conveniences and so on. L: What are you driving at, daddy? Ive always thought that we have enough money to afford this. Am I right? O: Yes, of course, but your mother wanted to make renovations not so long ago. So I guess that too big expenses are unnecessary now. S: Well-well-well. Its clear for me that theres smth else in what youre saying. Im almost sure that your  «Babe » has gone dead on you again and you need a repair part. Is it true? O: Hmmm†¦ Yes (sadly), its true. L: And what is wrong with it now? O: Headlights and rear light have broken down. L: What a pity, daddy. S: Well, I think that your car and my renovations will wait for some time. We wont need them during our holiday. So its settled, lets travel by ship and itll be unforgettable. L: Oh, my God! Mom! Dad! O: What, sweetie? L: It has just come to my mind that I can probably get seasick and not only I but all of us, because weve never experienced it. And if it really be so, our pleasant holiday will become exhaustion for us. I dont want see pink elephants and to suffer from dizziness and nausea at all. O: What a bad fortune! We cant risk, so we have to choose smth else. What do you think about hitch-hiking? Its the cheapest kind of travelling. S: The cheapest one? Ive said that your car will wait. Moreover, its very dangerous and I dont want to be killed or robbed. Therere a lot of mad people everywhere. L: Yeah, dad, besides well have to walk for some time, but my leg still hurts a little bit, as you remember Ive broken it 2 months ago. O: Well, I admit that Ive blundered out (Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ³Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'). So there is one more option travelling by plane. Ill be very grateful if itll suit us and satisfy all our requirements. S: First of all, I think that its very convenient and safe. Secondly, I dont want to hustle and rush somewhere, so  train is an excellent variant, because it provides calm and comfortable journey notwithstanding Ill have to keep to the timetable again. L: And from the history lesson I know that in the end of the 20th century the railway underwater tunnel, the Channel Tunnel, was opened. And it takes only 25 minutes to travel by train from Britain to France. Isnt it awesome? O: Of course, sweetie, besides we can take a train from 2 international railway stations in London – Waterloo and St. Pancras. I hope that well be able to buy tickets at a reasonable price. S: Surely, well exactly have a discount for our daughter. O: That sounds great, but I also think that wed better buy a full compartment in order to escape from fellow passengers and crowded corridor, if well travel at a long distance. L: Good idea, dad! So fortunately, weve come to an agreement. In train we wont get sick, wont spend too much money, wont waste our nerves and well be able to travel around all Europe and wont disturb my poor leg. O: So I can return to my  «Babe ». Im going†¦ S: And we can go to the travel agency after you take a nap (Ð ²Ã ·Ã ´Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'). L: All right. Lets go.

Pakistan India And The Kargil War Politics Essay

Pakistan India And The Kargil War Politics Essay This paper will provide a shot summary of the Kargil War and an examination of the through the lenses of the democratic peace theory and nationalism. The paper will also focus primarily on how the theories apply to Pakistan since it was the true aggressor in this conflict. Both of these ideas allow for an examination of what causal factors led to the war, how the war was conducted, and how it came to a swift end. They will also help us better or understand the conflict, and allow conclusions to be drawn from the conflict with regard to U.S. interests, conflict prevention, and conflict resolution. Background Pakistan has unsuccessfully challenged India controlled portions of Kashmir through wars and negotiations since its establishment in 1947. In May 1998, Pakistan conducted its first nuclear test and introduced a new and dangerous dynamic to the problem of Indias contested sovereignty in Kashmir. With Indian and Pakistani soldiers guarding their respective borders and Pakistans long-term proxy war against India through support for Muslim militants, tensions in Kashmir have been kept at a constant boil.  [1]   Kashmir, a region split between Pakistan, India and China, resides in an extremely mountainous area that contains some of the highest peaks in the world. In this region, the Line of Control (LOC) is the recognized border between India and Pakistan. The LOC, albeit under a different name, was established after the First Kargil War (1947-1948) and was again agreed upon by Pakistan and India as part of the Simla Agreement in 1972. This agreement gave the LOC its name and also stated that neither the Indians nor the Pakistanis would contest the border through military means.  [2]  Since the agreement, the border has been heavily guarded on both sides for a majority of the year. During the exceedingly cold winter months, when roads and supply routes become impassable and risk of an offensive attack from either side was minimal, both the Pakistani and Indian guards abandoned their posts and returned in the spring. However, during the winter of 1998-1999, Pakistans army, along with the help of mercenaries and mujahedeen, crossed the LOC and pushed into Indias portion of Kashmir.  [3]  Slowly, through the cold winter, they took over the Indian outposts and dug into their positions in Kargil and along a two hundred kilometer portion of the LOC and waited for Indian forces to return.  [4]   In February 1999, at the same time as the winter invasion, Pakistan and India were signing the Lahore Declaration which outlined peace, nuclear stability, trade, and unimpeded travel between the two countries.  [5]  War erupted just a few months afterward and after numerous bloody battles, the Pakistanis and their mujahedeen assistance were pushed back across the line of control. By July 14, 1999, the war was over but both sides had suffered significant casualties. Democratic Peace Our goal is to turn this time of American influence into generations of democratic peace. This requires America to remain engaged with the world and to project our strength with purpose and with humility. President George W. Bush, Speech to the State Department, Washington, DC February 15, 2001 The democratic peace proposition contends that because they are democratic, democratic states will not fight (or initiate) international wars against each other.  [6]  The idea was a premise in Immanuel Kants 1795 literary work, Perpetual Peace, and further developed by Georg William Friedrich Hegel and others. For the most part, supporters of democratic peace cite that in democracies, the people rule through their elected officials and in an autocracy, most of the power resides with one person. In turn, democracies are more likely to support peace because those that would be doing the fighting typically choose not to fight. Given the choice, citizens are more likely to have a desire to avoid the tremendous loss of life, resources and accumulation of debt. Furthermore, elected officials are unwilling to wage war because a loss would significantly impact chances at reelection.  [7]  On the other hand, autocracies may suffer from these losses and debt, but according the Samuel Kant, war does not affect [the rulers] table, his hunt, his places of pleasure, his court festivals, and so on.  [8]   This idea has its doubters that base their cases on specific historical examples and the lack of statistical significance when historical conflicts are analyzed quantitatively. Doubters also argue that supporters adjust definitions in order to adapt and evolve when either a historical or new case risks not fitting into the peace proposition. For instance, what is a democracy? What is a war or a conflict? And so on. Many researchers agree with the idea that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other, but are as equally war prone as autocratic states. While this basic premise is the subject of some debate, the real benefits of this theory are encapsulated in how democracies behave, statistically, when they do enter into conflict. The Kargil War is an excellent case to examine through the lens of the democratic peace proposition because this war provides historians and political scientists a chance to look at the rare case of warring democracies and see if the characteristic theoretical premises hold true. One characteristic demonstrated by examining disputes between 1816 and 1976 was when democracies are involved in conflict, there is less chance of all out war than when two non-democracies are in conflict.  [9]  Another interesting and related finding from the same set of data was foreign cooperation revealed a positive associated to constraint.  [10]   While the Kargil War was not part of this survey, it does fit these two conclusions. During the war, there was fear from neighboring countries and all over the world that it would escalate into all out war and theater nuclear war. Obviously, it did not. While a number of reasons prevented the escalation, two significant ones were the combination of constraint on the part of the Indians and foreign relations. During the fighting, then President Bill Clinton asked [the Indian PM] to keep exercising the restraint the Indian government had shown this far.  [11]  The Indian PM replied that India had no intention of escalating the war and assured [President Clinton] that the air strikes were taking place within the Indian territory.  [12]  Pakistan, on the other hand, who had hoped to internationalize the Kashmir issue in its favor by sending emissaries or pleading for support from China, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States, but found it had very few international supporters.  [13]  Quite the contrary, many countries voiced support for India instead of remaining neutral. China, a long time friend of Pakistan, expressed its hopes that the two countries would peacefully resolve their issues.  [14]  Russia also sided with India and denounced the actions of Pakistan.  [15]  Foreign cooperation, ultimately, led to Pakistans withdrawal from Indian territory after discussions with President Clinton on July 4, 1999.  [16]  A finding by Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman summarizes the two ideas mentioned above and the outcome of the Kargil War very well; they found that negotiations, or preservation of the status quo are more likely if either the initiator or the target is democratic; it is not necessary that they both be democratic.  [17]  This status quo is exactly the outcome of the Kargil War. Even today, the Indian and Pakistani military are at their posts guarding the LOC, the exact same positions as before the Kargil War. Nationalism Nationalism is power hunger tempered by self-deception. George Orwell, The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell Nationalism is a difficult term to grasp and an even harder term to define. When people discuss nationalism, they may be referring to flying the flag of their country or patriotism. Many definitions focus nationalism on politics, culture, religion or geography. Other definitions use it as a modern idea or reserve it for use with advanced societies and not the third world, or vice versa. More accepted views contend that Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent.  [18]  Furthermore, nationalism is created by a strong sense of shared national identity [and] is sine qua non for a viable modern state, that it alone can provide the solid basis of trust between the citizens to motivate each other to sacrifice herself/himself for others.  [19]  Further examination shows there are a great deal of connections and interdependencies between nationalisms, nations, and states. They are all connected by cultural and political aspects which are dependent on their own building blocks of language, history, and hundreds of other social factors.  [20]  Finally, nationalism is the combination of all of these things in the pursuit of legitimacy.  [21]   As any country has learned through great success, tragedy, or war, nationalism is a living and breathing entity that can be harnessed, strengthened, abused, or broken. This can happen in a number of different ways. With respect to the countrymen in Pakistan, the nationalism has been almost continually abused since the country was established in 1947. Examples of this abuse include: the division of British India where Muslims flocked to East or West Pakistan and tremendous loss of life resulted in clashes between Hindus and Muslims, the loss of Eastern Pakistan (now Bangladesh), and numerous wars lost to India. But the Pakistanis are a proud people and have had their share of successes, most notably the successful test of a nuclear weapon in 1998. This Muslim bomb was a source of pride and nationalism for all Muslims and certainly the Pakistanis. The successful tests of Pakistans nuclear weapons in 1998 and the associated boost in nationalistic pride essentially paved the way for the invasion of Kashmir. Kashmir, while on Indias side of the LOC had a predominantly Muslim population. This arrangement has been deemed unacceptable by Pakistan and Muslims in Kashmir ever since the division of British India. Pakistan had fought wars over the contested land (e.g., 1947 and 1967) and had lost to superior Indian military strength. Nationalism played a large role in these offense actions. Indias rule over Kashmir was in direct violation of an important nationalist sentiment: if the rulers of the political unit belong to a nation other than that of the majority of the ruled, this, for nationalists, constitutes a quite outstandingly intolerable breach of political propriety.  [22]  Pakistans attempt to gain control of Kashmir was thwarted by a number of factors. As with the previous two attempts, it was thwarted by a superior Indian military even though it took the Indians by complete surprise. Additionally, its attempt to gain outside support for its nationalistic struggle was unsuccessful. As written above, many countries failed to see that Pakistan was trying to gain control of land occupied by Kashmiri Muslims and instead saw Pakistan (again) attacking their sovereign neighbor. As the United States stepped in, an outside force was introduced that served to influence the political nationalism of Pakistan. In our globalized world, this attack on India risked international trade and foreign direct investment along with government to government support.  [23]  Pakistans leadership knew they were losing the war and as international sentiment shifted to Indias favor, the Pakistani government may have realized that these global implications will have a trickledown effect to other aspects of nationalism, most notably through economic losses to an already impoverished country.  [24]  The loss of the war in addition to the projected image of untrustworthyness to the world would have further deepened the wounds to Pakistans nationalism.  [25]  Alas, Pakistan chose to only impact its nationalism through the loss of the war instead of compounding the losses with other factors. U.S. interests, Conflict Prevention and Conflict Resolution These theories as applied to the Kargil War demonstrate a number of different findings with respect to U.S. interests, conflict prevention and conflict resolution. An examination of the democratic peace theory shows that when a democracy is involved in war, the wars are typically shorter and are more likely to end through mediation. Kargil is an excellent example where diplomacy played two critical roles. First, it helped end the aggressive attacks by Pakistan and second, it helped ensure India would not conduct a counterattack into Pakistan. This process worked because many aspects of the Kashmir issue are political problems and must be resolved politically. Unfortunately, Kashmir has a long history with many different versions depending on which side of the border you are on.  [26]  This leads to dangerous propaganda that influences and drives nationalism. This nationalistic spirit has led Pakistan to cling to the Kashmir issue. Kashmir is central to Pakistans Islamic national unity [and] almost all Islamabad regimes, both democratic and authoritarian since Pakistans creation in 1947, have used the Kashmir issue to consolidate their position.  [27]  While this may be true, Kashmir has not been represented at Indo-Pak negotiations because the Indians have resisted such trilateral meetings. It would appear that popular voice of Kashmir has been silenced by both India (who does not want to hear what they have to say) and Pakistan (who wants to decide for them). In any case, both the democratic peace theory and nationalism ideas show that all parties must be present for a formal conclusion to a conflict and a true representation of the enemy must be made to the people. When considering what conclusions can be drawn from the Kargil War, there are commonalities that exist between U.S. interests and future conflict prevention. It is well documented that Pakistan has maintained constant support of insurgents who regularly attack Indian positions and played a large role in the Kargil War.  [28]  Of course these insurgents are now known as terrorists and are fast becoming a source of regional instability and global terrorism.  [29]  The result of the financial support are anti-terror laws in both Pakistan and India which are far more draconian than the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act in the United States.  [30]  These laws thereby impact the nationalism and freedoms of the people in both countries. Prior to future diplomatic talks between the two countries, a third party (hopefully representing of every country in the world) must convince Pakistan to stop supporting terrorists and put an end to the proxy-war in India. Strong actions against terrorists could be used as requisites for aid which could serve the country Pakistan a great deal. Aid could support the education and human resource development and provide financial resources for health care, the supply of clean water, and the development of social and physical infrastructure.  [31]  These steps, over the long term, could help to stabilize Pakistan and the region and perhaps one day remove the stigma that has plagued Pakistan for years. Conclusion Theories of conflict can help one examine a conflict through different lenses and develop an understanding of causal factors associated with why conflicts start, escalate, deescalate and respond to stimuli like foreign intervention and support. The Kargil War, as seen through the lenses of democratic peace and nationalism, is a very complex war with a tremendous amount of history driving actions by both countries. Pakistans actions during the Kargil War were truly a cause for fury and it is no surprise that India has resisted any further negotiation with Pakistan regarding the Kashmir issue. To be stabbed is one thing, to be stabbed in the back is another.  [32]  It would seem that democratic peace, in this case, means the constant boil or status quo will continue for years to come.  [33]   Bibliography FIX editions and RAND Ahmad, Khurshid. Pakistan: Vision and Reality, Past and Future. The Muslim World 96, no. 2 (April 2006). http://www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed January 16, 2010). Bahl, Y. Kargil Blunder: Pakistans Plight, Indias Victory. New Delhi, India: Manas Publications, 2000. Chenoy, Kamal. Contending Nationalisms. Harvard International Review 28, no. 3 (Fall 2006). http://www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed January 16, 2010). Das, Runa. Explaining Indias Nuclearization: Engaging Realism and Social Constructivism. Asian Perspective 32, no. 1 (2008). http://www.asianperspective.org/articles/v32n1-b.pdf (accessed January 16, 2010). Dixit, J. N. India Pakistan in War and Peace. New York: Routledge, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUCdq=India+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+in+War+and+Peacesource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed December 6, 2009). Fisher, Glen. Mindsets, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Intercultural Press, 1998. Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism, 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. http://books.google.com/books?id=jl7t2yMfxwICsource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 20, 2010). India. Simla Agreement. July 7, 1972. Embassy of India Website, Embassy of India, Washington, DC. http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/shimla.htm (accessed December 9, 2009). Indurthy, Rathnam. India and the Clinton-Bush Administrations: Why Friction to Friendship in the Aftermath of Indias Nuclear Testing is Not Likely to Lead to Strategic Partnership. World Affairs  165,  no.  1  (Summer 2002).   http://www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/  (accessed December 10, 2009). Lyon, Peter. Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2008. Misra, Amalendu. The Centrality of Kashmir in India Pakistan Security Dynamics. International Politics 38, no. 8 (March 2001). http://www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed December 6, 2009). Nanda, Ravi. Kargil: A Wake-Up Call. New Delhi, India: Lancers Books, 1999. Pakistan and India. The Lahore Declaration. February 21, 1999. United States Institute for Peace, Peace Agreements Digital Collection. http://www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/ip_lahore19990221.pdf (accessed December 7, 2009). Puri, Jyoti. Encountering Nationalism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=lrfxy98haU4Csource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 15, 2010). Raghavan, V. R. Limited War and Nuclear Escalation in South Asia. The Nonproliferation Review 8, no. 3 (Fall-Winter 2001). http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/83ragh.pdf (accessed December 5, 2009). Ray, James. Democracy and International Conflict. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1995. Sharma, Rajeev. Pak Proxy War: A Story of ISI, bin Laden and Kargil. New Delhi, India: Kaveri Books, 2002. Spencer, Philip and Howard Wollman. Nations and Nationalism: A Reader. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=SOnTDm0ocvMCsource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 15, 2010). Ashley J. Tellis, Christine Fair and Jamison Jo Medby, Limited Conflicts Under the Nuclear Umbrella (Arlington, VA: Rand Corporation, 2001). NO NEED?

Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay -- essays research papers

Michelangelo Buonarroti   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, was a very influential man of his time and of all time. Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, in a small village a part of the Florentine territory known as Caprese. His father originally did not support his artistic ability, but just a while after Michelangelo’s 13th birthday, his father allowed him to be an apprentice for a famous painter, Domenico Ghirlandaio. Unfortunately there was some conflict between Michelangelo and Ghirlandaio so after a year Michelangelo was no longer his apprentice and he denies Ghirlandaio influenced his works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later he stayed with the very powerful Medici family for two years. Lorenzo de’ Medici was a great patron of the arts who gave Michelangelo a chance to expand his artistic talents. He learned his sculpting skills from Bertoldo di Giovanni, who was trained by the great Donatello. He also expanded his education and gained knowledge of poetry and philosophy. Medici also had Michelangelo study the Classic Ancient Roman and Greek arts. Michelangelo became so excellent in Classic Roman arts that his works passed as Roman originals. Due to his talents in the ancient art Michelangelo was present at the excavation of the giant sculpture of Laocoà ¶n.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michelangelo was a very religious man which is shown in many of his paintings. Later in his career he portrayed a bit more of his own idea of ...

Italian Neorealism Essay -- European Cinema

The aim of this report is to discuss Italian Neorealism (Neorealismo); looking at how the movement played a significant element in European cinema during and after the times of Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime. The report not only looks at how but why Neorealism became a growing phenomenon for filmmakers during its debatable 10 year period, and what implication of messages these Neorealist directors were trying to send out through their films. Backed up by several reliable book sources, the evidence for this report will also highlight the influences Neo-realism has created in modern filmmaking today. Before the dawn of Neorealism, Italy was under great turmoil in the early 1920s suffering from major economic crisis, bank failures and a collapsing government, which would also mean a collapse in the Italian film industry and the ‘Silent Era’ of cinema (Roberts, 2005). When Benito Mussolini took control as the 40th Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 the revival of Italian cinema would be once again be relived, but this time ruled under the control and guidance by Mussolini and his fascist government (Bondanella, 2001). It was not until the mid 1930s that the brutish dictator truly recognized the potential power of media, where in 1935 a special funding was given to the production of Italian films which was used to open up film institutions like the ‘Centro Sperimenale di Cinematografia’ (CSC) film school, and ‘Cinecitta’ (Cinema City) studios in 1937 (Ruberto and Wilson, 2007). The development of these institutions sparked the appearance of early sound cinema, specializing in genres such as comedies, melodramas, musicals and historical films, but were all categorized as ‘propaganda’ and ‘white telephone’ films by many critics due... ...echoslovak New Wave, Denmark’s Dogme 95, and British Social Realism, which all can be seen as notable influences from that of Italian Neorealism. Works Cited Roberts, J. (2005), Benito Mussolini, Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. Bonandella, P. (2010), Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present (3rd edn), London: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Ruberto, L.E. and Wilson, K.M. (ed.) (2007), Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema, Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Reich, J. and Garofalo, P. (ed.) (2002), Re-viewing Fascism: Italian Cinema, 1922-1943, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Landy, M. (2000), Italian Film, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sorlin, P. (1996), Italian National Cinema 1896-1996, London: Routledge. Shiel, M. (2006), Italian Neorealism: Rebuilding the Cinematic City, London: Wallflower Press.

Fast food

Fast Food Currently, most of the people depend on fast food which is easily accessible rather than cooking food at home which is a time consuming task. Fast food is the most popular food in America. Does fast food proves to be a healthy option for a daily purpose? Is fast food healthy? Being an argumentative topic this term â€Å"fast food† comes up with many questions. Fast food is a quick way of filling up your stomach but it is followed by many unknown and known disadvantages. As a peek in the â€Å"Consumers reports on fast food: four big names lose† from the book â€Å"TheNorton Field Guide to Writing†, the reporter mentions that † Next time you have a craving for fast food, think twice before slowing down for Burger King, KFC, McDonald's, or Taco Bell†. The fast food restaurants the reporter mentioned here, are the most famous and renowned places, where the consumer is attracted to eat due to food and low prices. In my opinion there is only one reason why anyone should rely on fast food couple of times and that is time saving. It saves time. But there are many other reasons as surveyed by the reporters for people to be attracted towards fast food.One major reason is the low prices. As also mentioned in the research named â€Å"Fast foods† from the â€Å"Black book† by â€Å"Emanuel Goldman- Alfred L. Simon†, that, â€Å"McDonald's might not be ready with the problems with its chicken†. But, if we see as a whole the prices of McDonald's are very low which hides the fact that there have been many issues with the chicken it use. People are attracted to McDonald's even today for their meals. There are many problems caused due to the regular intake of fast foods. Some serious problems are Obesity, weight gain, type two diabetes, coronary artery disease and PCOD.Obesity is one of the most common and erious problems found in Americans. This problem is a clear and direct result of the lifestyle in Ameri ca. The habit of substituting meals with the fast food gives a birth to obesity in an individual. In the Journal, â€Å"Fast Food: Unfriendly and Unhealthy' from â€Å"International Journal of Obesity', the author S Stender, J Dyerberg, and A Astrup has given the example of a documentary film ‘super-size me', where the character Mr. Spurlock ate McDonald's food thrice a day for 30 days and gained 11 kg.This film raises a question that whether fast food poses a special health risk. This is a very mportant question to be answered for all the fast food lovers. The other problems like PCOD and diabetes are a result of fats food intake. The Polycystic ovarian disease found in most of the women these days is caused due to the weight gain. This weight gain is a result of our food habits, like consumption of fast food on a regular basis. Another reason for the increased craving for fast food among the kids is the fast food ads which are made graphically innovative so as to attract t he kids.The recent study shown by â€Å"The Washington Post† in their program, â€Å"Trying to Cut Back on Fast Food Ads for kids†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ mentioned that the obesity in kids of age group 6-11 has gone down because some fast food chains have cut down in their advertising. This statement shows that the advertisements and obesity in kids are directly proportional to each other. This is a strategic advertisement plan for the fast food agencies to make profit. They invest more on advertisements targeting the kids as their main audience and are women.Young women are facing many problems due to the intake of fast foods. In a Journal â€Å"Dieting Behaviors of Young Women Post-College Graduation†, the uthors â€Å"Soliah, LuAnn Walter, Janele Antosh and Deeanna†, had conducted a survey that included questions about the eating habits of women and their psychological affinity for food. The conclusion of the survey was not shocking but very obvious that three groups of women appeared to be at an increased risk of unhealthy eating and poor food selection decisions.The unhealthy food here is the fast food. Fast food is the most selling food worldwide. There are many reasons one cannot avoid the fast food. Good taste is one of the biggest reasons. Low prices are another reason which attracts the consumer. Fast food has become the regular meal of people. Whenever I visit any food chain I can see a bunch of people spending their valuable money on something which could be harmful for their health. The conclusion, henceforth, is very clear that fast food is not healthy in any terms.Fast food consumed results in many problems which are ignored by the fast food consumers. America faces most of the consequences of eating fast food on a regular basis. Some problems are very serious like obesity and diabetes which are a direct result of fast food consumption. It is still not late for the people to put a light on the articles and surveys conducted n the fas t food being a disaster and learn a lesson through their results. Fast food industries should be responsible enough to advertise less or make their food healthy instead of cheesy and greasy.An individual should keep a track on their diet decisions rationing them with their daily intake fast food and other diet. The comparison would be very useful for an individual to realize how to make their health and wealth lives longer and strong. Fast Food odBradd DentFast Food Nation Questions Introduction America’s fast food industry was founded by self made man who took risk, worked hard, some not even going to collage. Today the industry relies on a low-paid and unskilled workforce, where a handful are able to rise up the corporate ladder, while the vast majority lack fulltime employment, receive no benefits, and end up quitting after a few months. The fast food industry prospered over the last 30 years because minimum wage was lowered, marking was directed at children, federal agencies meant to protect workers and consumers ended up working for the companies, and corporations worked with congress to oppose laws that didn’t help them. The â€Å"American world view† is embodied in fast food because it takes advantage of those who don’t know any better. Chapter 1 The element of car based restaurants like the ones started in Southern California encouraged the spread of fast food because they had good food, became successful, and were very popular among young people. Chapter 2 Disney and Kroc were similar because they both used science to sell their products, made up famous mascots to sell products and both focused selling to kids. They were different because Disney founded his company, and Kroc bought his, they sold different products, and Kroc wasn’t involved in politics, while Disney was. Their companies cooperated when McDonald’s agreed to sell Disney toys and Disney agreed to allow McDonald’s in Disneyland. The fast food industry started with billboard ads to attract kids and evolved to adverting every where, from TV, to the internet, to school hallways. They also make the restaurants themselves fun for kids with play places and selling toys so they want to go more, and even as adults bring their own kids. Personally, I don’t think it is ethical to advertise in schools because it fast food is unhealthy and kids should be learning that, not that the burgers at McDonald’s get and A in taste. Chapter 3 Most employees of fast food restaurants ate teenagers because most are willing to work long hours with little pay. Fast food corporations relentlessly stop their workers from unionizing by doing things like integrating workers with information about a possible union with lie detectors, or closing locations with unions and opening new locations near by. Working conditions at fast food restaurants are unsafe. Typical dangers the employees face ate slips, fall, cuts, burns, and robberies. Problems are dealt with by increasing security with cameras or more parking lot lights. If I worked at a fast food restaurant and I injured my self, I might not tell my manager because I could loose my job because they could blame me for the injury. Chapter 4 The advantages of starting your own business is if it is successful, you could get a lot of money, not to mention you are your own boss so no one besides the government tells you how to run your business. The disadvantages are the business could be unsuccessful and you could loose a lot of money. The advantages of working for someone else are you do not have to make too many tough decisions. The disadvantages are you will not make as much money as your boss, and you may not like your boss for whatever reason. Some legal issues that fast food franchises have been involved in are the Coble’s Bill which makes franchises obey the principles other companies follow. The Subway fast food franchise was involved in the SBA which helps restaurants by giving them government funds. Subway got involved and made it so they would get extra money. Chapter 5 Family farms are disappearing because industry farms take all the business and close family farms because they have no one to sell to. there are only a few small potato farms left because industries take up all the land and business. The take-over of agricultural farms effects communities because local farms go out of business and communities become dependent on the corporate farm. Chapter 6 Development and fast food farms take land and effects cattle pastures because there is less land for the cattle to graze. Since most cowboys and ranchers have gone out of business, they have become irreverent in today’s culture. The government set up the Sherman Antitrust Act and a congressional investigation in the meet packing industry to help ranchers. Later, the Reagan administration allowed the top four meat packing firms to merge and they took over the cattle markets. Corporate domination affected family farms by forcing them to work for them or go out of business. Self-reliance is still a viable goal for Americans, but has become very difficult because of big corporations. The fast food industry makes chicken farmers work for them or they would get no business. In farm culture, the land is a tangible connection to the past, meant to be handed down and not sold. To native Americans, the land meant life and prosperity. In traditional Irish culture, the land is a link to past generations and to loose the land meant to fail your relatives. Their concept of land is similar to the American concept. Chapter 7 The demands of the fast food industry changed towns by making is so almost everyone ends up eating fast food because the industries are aloud to put their restaurants wherever they want and advertise as much as they want until the town’s economy runs on the fast food restaurants. Chapter 8 Meatpacking is dangerous because of the machines and rarely cleaned cutting tools. Since a meatpacking manager’s bonus is based in part on injury rate, many injuries go unreported and the worker is either given an easer job to takes time off to recover. Chapter 9 The meat packing and meat processing industry has been a spreader of disease because the animals are not screened well enough or sick workers spreading disease on the animals. After reading about the pathogens in hamburger meat, I am concerned about food poisoning in fast food. E. coli is not common in restaurant food, but is likely to be in hamburger meat. Chapter 10 Many Americans are obese because of lack of information and improper food laws. Fast food probably plays a big part in obesity because it provides unhealthy food to almost every where. Americans are probably more obese than other countries because fast food started here. Fast food companies increase the size of their meals to effect the calorie count look better for the per serving part. This effects American health because it is misguiding and you eat more than you thought you were going to. People in other countries do not want fast food because they have seen its effect on America. Epilogue The free market Schosser talks about leaves workers unprotected with little interference from the government. In the quote, Schosser is referring to the free market. I agree to what Schlosser says on 216. I believe the government needs to work harder to protect both the workers and consumers of fast food. At the end of the Epilogue, the author remedies his criticisms with the fact that it is a persons choice to eat want. Afterword Mad Cow disease is a disease that slowly destroys the brain and can be spread through hamburger meat. It can be controlled by feeding cows grass instead of corn and hormones, and inspecting the meat better. Cattle get infected by it because they stand in the dung of an effected cattle. It is a very serous threat to humans. Fast food Fast Food Currently, most of the people depend on fast food which is easily accessible rather than cooking food at home which is a time consuming task. Fast food is the most popular food in America. Does fast food proves to be a healthy option for a daily purpose? Is fast food healthy? Being an argumentative topic this term â€Å"fast food† comes up with many questions. Fast food is a quick way of filling up your stomach but it is followed by many unknown and known disadvantages. As a peek in the â€Å"Consumers reports on fast food: four big names lose† from the book â€Å"TheNorton Field Guide to Writing†, the reporter mentions that † Next time you have a craving for fast food, think twice before slowing down for Burger King, KFC, McDonald's, or Taco Bell†. The fast food restaurants the reporter mentioned here, are the most famous and renowned places, where the consumer is attracted to eat due to food and low prices. In my opinion there is only one reason why anyone should rely on fast food couple of times and that is time saving. It saves time. But there are many other reasons as surveyed by the reporters for people to be attracted towards fast food.One major reason is the low prices. As also mentioned in the research named â€Å"Fast foods† from the â€Å"Black book† by â€Å"Emanuel Goldman- Alfred L. Simon†, that, â€Å"McDonald's might not be ready with the problems with its chicken†. But, if we see as a whole the prices of McDonald's are very low which hides the fact that there have been many issues with the chicken it use. People are attracted to McDonald's even today for their meals. There are many problems caused due to the regular intake of fast foods. Some serious problems are Obesity, weight gain, type two diabetes, coronary artery disease and PCOD.Obesity is one of the most common and erious problems found in Americans. This problem is a clear and direct result of the lifestyle in Ameri ca. The habit of substituting meals with the fast food gives a birth to obesity in an individual. In the Journal, â€Å"Fast Food: Unfriendly and Unhealthy' from â€Å"International Journal of Obesity', the author S Stender, J Dyerberg, and A Astrup has given the example of a documentary film ‘super-size me', where the character Mr. Spurlock ate McDonald's food thrice a day for 30 days and gained 11 kg.This film raises a question that whether fast food poses a special health risk. This is a very mportant question to be answered for all the fast food lovers. The other problems like PCOD and diabetes are a result of fats food intake. The Polycystic ovarian disease found in most of the women these days is caused due to the weight gain. This weight gain is a result of our food habits, like consumption of fast food on a regular basis. Another reason for the increased craving for fast food among the kids is the fast food ads which are made graphically innovative so as to attract t he kids.The recent study shown by â€Å"The Washington Post† in their program, â€Å"Trying to Cut Back on Fast Food Ads for kids†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ mentioned that the obesity in kids of age group 6-11 has gone down because some fast food chains have cut down in their advertising. This statement shows that the advertisements and obesity in kids are directly proportional to each other. This is a strategic advertisement plan for the fast food agencies to make profit. They invest more on advertisements targeting the kids as their main audience and are women.Young women are facing many problems due to the intake of fast foods. In a Journal â€Å"Dieting Behaviors of Young Women Post-College Graduation†, the uthors â€Å"Soliah, LuAnn Walter, Janele Antosh and Deeanna†, had conducted a survey that included questions about the eating habits of women and their psychological affinity for food. The conclusion of the survey was not shocking but very obvious that three groups of women appeared to be at an increased risk of unhealthy eating and poor food selection decisions.The unhealthy food here is the fast food. Fast food is the most selling food worldwide. There are many reasons one cannot avoid the fast food. Good taste is one of the biggest reasons. Low prices are another reason which attracts the consumer. Fast food has become the regular meal of people. Whenever I visit any food chain I can see a bunch of people spending their valuable money on something which could be harmful for their health. The conclusion, henceforth, is very clear that fast food is not healthy in any terms.Fast food consumed results in many problems which are ignored by the fast food consumers. America faces most of the consequences of eating fast food on a regular basis. Some problems are very serious like obesity and diabetes which are a direct result of fast food consumption. It is still not late for the people to put a light on the articles and surveys conducted n the fas t food being a disaster and learn a lesson through their results. Fast food industries should be responsible enough to advertise less or make their food healthy instead of cheesy and greasy.An individual should keep a track on their diet decisions rationing them with their daily intake fast food and other diet. The comparison would be very useful for an individual to realize how to make their health and wealth lives longer and strong.

The Witness Paper Essay

There is no better manner to understand an event than to see it first-hand. History is an imperfect thing. and as narratives are passed down. people forget their true significance. In â€Å"The Witness† . Katherine Anne Porter’s â€Å"Uncle Jimbilly† has experienced the horrors of bondage personally. and is frustrated when kids of the following coevals do non to the full understand and esteem the subject. The manner Porter describes these characters subtly shows the reader their feelings toward each other. Direct word picture may non be the most elusive signifier. but it rapidly and expeditiously gets a point across. The kids are given descriptions like. â€Å"flighty† . â€Å"thoughtful† . and â€Å"sad looking† . This brief word picture causes one to see the kids merely as guiltless immature heads. Uncle Jimbilly is described as an old adult male who â€Å"hobbles on a stick† with light-green grey. flocculent hair. He is â€Å"bent about double† from old ages spent bowing over things. This reflects his former life as a slave. He has clearly lived a long. difficult life. and his battered organic structure shows us this. Indirect word picture helps to supply a deeper apprehension of a character. Through the inquiries the kids have for Uncle Jimbilly. particularly the younger two. Porter demonstrates their artlessness farther. â€Å"The kids thought Uncle Jimbilly had got over his bondage really good. † This outlook creates some inquiries the kids believe to be harmless ; they do non to the full understand the emotional strain Uncle Jimbilly faces. However. with his responses. the reader comprehends his true feelings on the affair. Maria asks him to carve â€Å"Safe in Heaven† on the gravestone for her coney. At her inquiry Uncle Jimbilly grows impatient and continues to reminisce about the male childs in the swamp and the unjust ways they were treated. This highlights the acrimonious feelings he has toward his yesteryear and the fact that the kids do non understand his agony. Katherine Anne Porter’s usage of word picture leaves the reader with a character many beds deep. She displays their colourss in a manner which highlights the implicit in subject in â€Å"The Witness† . The generational spread between Uncle Jimbilly and the kids is portrayed throughout the narrative and Uncle Jimbilly’s past of bondage is used as vehicle to stress this spread. Younger coevalss will ne'er to the full understand their ancestors’ lives. merely as coevalss to come will non understand theirs.

In human communication, the spoken and unspoken words belong to both the sender and receiver Essay

Communication is the process of sharing meaning with others. The sender is the person who sends the massage and the receiver is the person who receives the massage. There are encoding and decoding processes that happen during this stage. The sender encodes his idea or thought into a massage. For instance, there is a policeman staring at you, and you somehow notice the action and panic. The exchange between sender and receiver occurs. As the receiver, when you notice his action, you will decode the body language and his serious facial expression and you will think that as a sign that you’re in trouble. This interpretation may due to your knowledge and experiences. These both encoding and decoding is very important. This kind of massage can be either in the form of verbal communication or non-verbal communication. Verbal communication or also known as spoken word can be divided into two types, oral verbal communication and non-oral verbal communication. Oral verbal communication is the usage moment when we utter the words or speaking whereas non oral verbal communication is the usage of alphabets system in a proper manner or in a simple word, writing form. Non-verbal communication or also known as unspoken word can also be divided into oral non-verbal communication and non-oral non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication as a whole can be defined as’ those bodily actions and vocal quality that typically accompany a verbal massage and are usually interpreted as intentional’. A person who is standing on the basis to deliver a speech even though looks like he is only performing a verbal communication may also unintentionally performs non-verbal communication too. This can be seen through his body language for instances, body gestures, facial expressions and even eye contacts. This explains the theory given by Verderber that non-verbal communication and verbal communication can be both happen at the same time. In communicating with each other, language is one of the compulsory features that are required. According to Rudolph F. Verderber, language is the body of works and system for their use in communicating that are common to people of the same community or nation, the same geographical area, or the same cultural tradition. If the spoken language used by the sender is not as same as the receiver, it will lead to the problem in conveying the massage. Body language as opposite is universal and can be understood by almost everyone around the globe despite of their nationality, races, genders or even their mother’s tongue. Smile for an instance, sending the message that the doer is happy, friendly and also in a good mood. Shannon and Weaver are the creators of the first communication model. This model was first created to show how the radio and telephone is working. There are three major parts of this model which ate sender, channel and receiver. The sender will encodes and transmitted the messages in form of binary code or data through the channel. The receiver then will receive and decodes the data into understanding messages. Plus, during the process of sending the messages, there may be some interruption or noise happened either internally or externally. This may due to the imbalance hormone, lack of information, crowd noise or even health problem. Communication begins with self. This principle explains how one’s experiences and knowledge affects his or her ways in treating and communicating other people. Experts also agree that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. I quoted Carl Rogers, â€Å"every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he is the center.† Someone who experienced either bad or good experiences in his past will have already prepared if the same situation occur again. For example Ali was once been scolded by his lecturer when he did nit hands in the assignment during the due date, this will become a turning point or lesson for him so that in the future he won’t repeat the same mistake again. Communication at the same time is also complicated. The combination of verbal, non-verbal, behavior and attitude of speakers, the intonation and other factors when they combine will make the messages hard to be understood. Moreover, the usage of high-level vocabularies, the complicated structures and uncommon term will make even the simplest message hard to comprehend. As conclusion, in ensuring the communication between two parties is successful, they must have the most important aspect of communication, which are mutual respect and mutual understanding.

Marketing planning Essay

Main characteristics of marketing oriented organisation The marketing is a management and customer satisfaction strategy which is focused on the customer satisfaction and it is also involved in various  functions like advertisement, promotion, selling products and services of the business, product planning, and product development, market research and market analysis. According to Keller, (2009) Marketing can be described as the marketing can be described as the management process which is responsible for identification, anticipation and satisfaction of customers of the organization for developing improved profitability of the business. According to the Philip (2009) the marketing can be described as the process of managing profitable customer relationship through retaining retain existing customers of the organization and attracting new customers through developing value for the customers and satisfying their needs through developing products and services needed by them. Types of organizations: According to marketing point of view there are two types of the organizations, market oriented and product oriented organizations (B&C, 2010). Product Oriented organizations: The focus of the product oriented organisations is on the development of product and selling these products through the different approaches of marketing. Characteristics of marketing oriented organisation: the market oriented companies are focused towards the satisfaction of needs and demands of the customers through analysing customer needs and then developing products and services to satisfy these needs. The customer needs are identified by these organizations and then the resources are allocated to meet these needs (Mangold, Faulds, 2009). The market oriented companies have four main features or characteristics which are given below, Shared Values: the customers are always kept as priority by these types of the organizations and the value is shared with customers by providing them quality products and services. Organizational Structure: the flat type of organizational structure is developed and preferred by these companies as compared to the traditional business structures. The clear vision is developed and communicated by these organizations for motivation of stakeholders including customers. Strategy: the overall business strategy forms the basis of the marketing strategies and planning of the market oriented companies. The basic goal of the market strategies is to achieve the overall business goals and objectives of the organization. The more flexible strategies are developed by these organizations to respond to changing business environment (Mangold, Faulds, 2009). Stakeholders: The  ideas and values are exchanged by the organization with different stakeholders of the organization to develop relationship with the business. From the analysis given it can be concluded that Ikea is a market oriented company as it has incorporated the core characteristics of the market oriented companies (Menon, 2008). Explain the various elements of the marketing concept with reference to the Ikea’s marketing activities. The Ikea has implemented various elements and the concepts which can be analysed as 5 Cs and 4 Ps of the marketing and they are given as below, 5 Cs of Marketing Company: the company described as the vision, mission, purpose and core values of the company which motivates stakeholders of the business (Menon, 2008). Customer: the customers are segmented into profitable components of the business. Collaborators: These are the stakeholders of the company who include investors, employees, customers, competitors, community and Government. Competitors: This includes analysis of the core competitors of the business, their market position, strengths and weaknesses. Context: Context refers to the analysis of the present and future prospects of the organization in the long turn and this is analysed through the internal and external business environment of the organization. 4Ps of marketing are: The four Ps of the marketing are essential and basic element for the development of effective marketing strategies of the business and these can be described as below, Product: the product is the development of the product or services based on the customer needs developed to satisfy needs of the customers (Menon, 2008). Promotion: this include determination of how the product will be marketed and promoted to attain greater market share and growth, through different promotional techniques like TV ads, online marketing or sales promotion (Newman, 2002). Price: One of the important elements of the marketing is the determination of price on which the product will be offered to customers. Place: The place is the identification and planning how the product will be placed in the market, through physical stores or the other elements. Identify and critically assess the benefits and costs of marketing approach for Ikea. The marketing approach adopted by the Ikea has different benefits for the business. Ikea has successfully  developed business of the organization in UK and Europe and segmented the business of the organization to the office and home furniture users. The business has developed the marketing strategies to develop and promote business products of the organization for satisfying customer needs through delivering quality products to the customers. The business has developed strategies for effective customer care as a part of the marketing strategies which is the part of benefits of marketing approach. The long term relations with the customers are developed by the business through effective customer relationship and developing trust in products of the organization. the costs of the ineffective marketing can lead to the failure of the product being offered or less effective response from the customers (Newman, 2002). Task 1.2 A) Identify and explain macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions of Ikea The business strategies of Ikea are affected by the various internal and external factors of the organization. These factors can be described as the macro-environmental factors and micro-environmental factors. The micro environmental factors of the Ikea are described as below, Micro-environmental Factors: these factors include various factors which have direct impact on the business strategies of the Ikea and it also impact on the business planning and strategies. The Micro factors impacting the Ikea are given below, Customers: the survival of the Ikea is based on the identification and meeting needs, wants and providing the benefits of their customers. the failure to meet the needs of the customers can lead to the failure of the business as the satisfied customers are most important for the business (Newman, 2002). Employees: the employees are considered as the most important assets of the business and the satisfaction and development of effective workforce of the business is the most important element for the successful business. Suppliers: the increase in the prices of raw material and change in the quality of the raw material has direct impact on the marketing mix of the business. The good relationship with the suppliers helps business to develop effective quality of the products offered by Ikea. Shareholders: the expectations and relationship of stakeholders of the business has positive and negative impacts on the strategies of the business. Media: the innovations and changes in the media can be analysed  and the successful adoption of these changes and innovations can positively impact the organizational communication and marketing strategies. Competitors: the name of the game in marketing is differentiation. The business can be successful through developing competitive advantage as compared to its competitors through developing core competencies of the business. Macro-environmental Factors: The macro environmental factors are which are beyond the control of the Ikea and these can be opportunities of threats to the business strategies of Ikea. There are following macro-environmental factors effecting marketing and business strategies of the Ikea and these can be analysed through PESTEL analysis: Political factors: the political factors include the rules and regulations of the UK government, which can be minimum wage, or the interest rate regulations. Economic factors: Economic factors include the inflation rates, or the interest rates which can impact the consumption parents of the customers effecting sales of the organization. Social: the UK is highly diversified with the multilingual and multinational people from all over the world. The trends in the social preferences of the customers can impact the business strategies of Ikea. Technology: there are various technological implementations in the market and these are more frequent in the UK market. B) With your understanding of the topic on Segmentation, propose segmentation criteria that the organisation can use for two products in different markets. The market segmentation is one of the basic elements for the development of the products of the business in the market and the segmentation refer to the identification of the customers with the similar needs and preferences based on the analysis of the customer needs and buying behaviours. The aim of the segmentation is to develop the groups with the same needs and buying behaviours. For example the sofa set for the home users and the business users will be demanded with different needs for the same product for the different market segments. The needs of the home users will be different as compared to the business users and this will also impact the buying behaviours if the customers as well. C) Sketch out those factors that influence the choice of targeting strategy by the organisation with reference to the financial capability of sponsors Targeting strategy: The targeting strategy is based on the analysis of the target groups based on the market segmentation and then the process and approaches of targeting potential customer segments is developed by the organization to develop market share of the product to be launched by business. The targeting strategy of the Ikea involve various steps which include the development and identification of the effective segment market, choosing appropriate segment for the product and then analysing the product to be offered in a particular market segment. The Ikea has developed the target marketing strategy for developing and offering various products for the different segments instead of the generic marketing. Importance of financial capability of Sponsor: One of the important factors affecting the business is the financial capability of the sponsor. The finances are the lifeblood of the business and for all business and marketing strategies the financial resources are considered as the important element to remain competitive in the business. for the success of the business good target market strategy and the financial sponsor ship is essential as these play as the backbone of the business to be more competitive in dynamic changing business environment. D) How does buyers behaviour affects marketing activities in two different buying situations putting into consideration The behaviour of the customers towards the product refer to the process of selecting, purchasing and consuming the product by the customers to attain satisfaction. And analysis of these abhors is essential for the business to develop effective strategies and products. There are various factors affecting the buying behaviours of the customers and these can be explained as given below, Cultural factors: the most important elements of the customer buying behaviour is the cultural factors as the buying behaviour of the customers is highly effected by the culture of the customers. For example the McDonald was failed in India when they introduced beef burger and the organization faced huge losses. Social Factors: the social factors contain the reference groups like the role, status and family. Personal factors: the personal factors include the analysis of the age, occupation, income levels, life styles and the economic status of the customers. Psychological factor: these are also very important factors affecting the buying behaviours of the customers. These factors affect the buying behaviours of the customers of  the Ikea in different ways which can be in favour of the business and these can go against the organization. the increased income and life standard of the customers may lead to increased sales level of the products of the organization same the families will be buying more products of the business as compared to the single. Task 1.3: A) Describe how products are developed By Ikea There are different steps are involved in the product development strategy of the Ikea for the product development in the market to attain sustainable growth in the business. There are following steps performed by Ikea for the effective product development by the organization, Idea generation: the product development strategy if Ikea starts with the idea generation in which the idea regarding the new product is developed and shared, these ideas can be internal or the external. The internal ideas are the innovation by the organization while the external ideas can include the development of product as a result of competitor’s idea. Idea screening: the next step is idea screening which includes the analysis of the market acceptability, impact on satisfaction of the customers, analysis of the demand of the customers and then the approval of the idea based on the rate of success of the given idea. Concept development and Testing: after approval of the idea in screening the next step is to execute the idea into concept and the feasibility of product development is identified in this section, which through the analysis of the skills, abilities and sources required developing the required product. Concept development and Testing: the next step is the execution of the idea into product and then the features and quality of the product is tested and analysed. The target markets and customers are identified for the given product. Marketing: after development of the product the next important step is to communicate the product in market through using different marketing strategies and marketing tools and techniques. This is analysed through the test marketing. Commercialization: the final step is the commercialization of the developed product to attain sustainable growth and success for the Ikea. B) Distribution Management: The distribution management refer to the process involved from the attaining raw material to the selling and delivering product to customers. The distribution includes the packaging, inventory, supply chain and logistics. The distribution strategies involve how the product will be developed and distributed to the end users in a more efficient way. There are two mediums used by the organizations for the distribution of the products and services of the organization to the final consumer, which include wholesaler and retailers. The Ikea is distributing its products by using wholesale medium of distribution. Wholesale market involves the selling goods and services of the organization direct to the buyers and for this purpose the Ikea has developed its stores in UK and Europe. This leads to the development and distribution of the product at flexible and low price. C) How are prices set to reflect an organisation’s objectives and marketing conditions? The pricing strategies include the identification of the pricing objectives, and then development of the pricing strategies based on these objectives, there are various pricing objectives of Ikea for determination of the price of products to be offered in the market, Financial Objectives; The financial objectives include, Profit maximization Maximizing sales revenue Improving cash flows of the business Marketing Objectives: Increasing sales Maintaining and growing market share Building brand D) Show an illustration of how the organisation (Ikea) integrates its promotional activities to achieve its marketing objectives. In recent years, many newspapers and television channels lost their audience, since traditional print and broadcast media as main promotional tools have faced major challenges (Gurevich et al., 2009). Research by Forrester Jennings conducted in 2007 shows that audiences and attention are shifting to online channels, as 52% of Europeans are regularly online at home. Around 36% of European Internet users watch less television, 28% have reduced their newspaper and magazine reading and 17% have decreased listening to the radio since going online (Palmer and Koenig-Lewis, 2009). Taking into  consideration the above facts, we can say that the information revolution (Internet, mobile and social media) is significantly changing traditional marketing campaigns, which can be adjusted to those new technologies. The significance of social media is shown by a recent study which was pointed out that an overwhelming 88% majority of marketers are now using some form of social media to market their business1. The same study, which set out to understand how and why marketers are using social media to grow and to promote their businesses, found that Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and blogs are the top four social media tools used by marketers1. Palmer and Koenig-Lewis (2009) define social media as an â€Å"online applications, platforms, and media which aim to facilitate interactions, collaborations and the sharing of content† (p.165). They further point out that the importance of social network media lays in the interaction between the consumers and the community, as well as in the facilitation of â€Å"asynchronous, immediate, interactive, low-cost communications† (Ibid.). One of the major examples of social media usage by companies is Victoria’s Secret’s Facebook page with its more than two million followers. On this page, followers can view videos, photos, take quizzes and print coupons2. In politics, the most significant example of social media use is the United States‟ presidential election in 2008. The Barack Obama campaign used such online promotional tools as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and others3. For the past two years, Facebook has overwhelmingly been pro-Obama virtual territory. Some have attributed Obama’s victory to a â€Å"Facebook effect†3. The Ikea has used the social media strategy for the integration of the marketing strategies with the product orientation and the promotional strategies of the business. Task 2: A) Attempt a suggestion of marketing mixes for two dissimilar segments in consumer markets. For the specialised market entry the company offering products in the consumer markets should develop and focus on the market segmentation and it should develop market segment. The marketing mix is developed by the business after the market segments for the development of the effective market share of the business. For example, a new brand in soft drink â€Å"Nix Cola† can be launched in specific consumer market like 99p or pound land as a established retailer. Once it gets success then it can be launch in different segments and restaurant and coffee shop. It would benefit the organisation from huge marketing costs and  will enhance its brand penetration in the market. C) Critically explain how and why international marketing differs from domestic marketing with reference to Ikea International marketing involves the satisfying the needs and demands of the global customers. Organisations should consider the values, customs, languages and currencies before doing the international marketing. For example advertising in Nepal and China should use in local languages. The potential market size, degree and type of competition, price, promotional differences, product differences as well as barriers to trade have to be analysed alongside the cost-effectiveness of various types of transport. But for the domestic marketing; organisation should consider for the local factors and local needs and demands of the buyer. So, in the case of Ikea as well company should consider the domestic and international marketing factors. People from all across the globe are keeping eyes on London so it should position its marketing strategy for international market and domestic market separately. References: B&C (2010), What’s This Stuff Called â€Å"Social Media†?‟ Benefits & Compensation Digest March 2010, Vol. 47 Issue 3, pp.1550-4190. Boyd, D.M., Ellison, N.B. (2007), Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, article 11 Bowler, Shaun David M. Farrell & Richard S. Katz (eds.). 1999. Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. Carabiner Communications (2009), „Social Media: How B2B Companies Can Connect‟ Available from http://www.carabinerpr.com/socialmedia/. Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F., Johnston, K., Mayer, R. (2006), Internet Marketing, Prentice Hall: United Kingdom. Gurevitch, M., Coleman S., and Blumler J.G. (2009), Political Communication Old and New Media Relationships. 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