Judgement on Charles Warren and the Ripper investigation

Charles Warren became head of the Metropolitan Police when they were in dire need of help after the incident that occurred in 1886. Police officers and officials were all shaken up and the police force was a mess. When Charles Warren came into action the police force changed. Although he had several difficult and complicated problems to deal with; I think he done an outstanding job in taking control over things which proved grateful from the many men and women that commended all that he did. He received countless complimentary letters which I think says it all. He was very effective in keeping the police force calm in order to handle any problem that arose. In his compliments he received one from the Home Secretary, Commander in Chief; H. R. H, The Duke of Cambridge, The Prince of Wales and Lord Salisbury which was a huge honour for him which he so rightly deserved. On top of all the compliments he was awarded with a Knight Commandership of the Order of the Bath. He dealt with other difficulties which included burglaries, muzzling of dogs along with everything else going on which lead to the police being abused by the irritated public. Despite all of these positives, people began to criticise him in the case of Jack the Ripper, people would slate him, accuse him of things he didn’t do and generally oppose him. He was unfairly accused of not catching the murderer and frequently had to face the press with outrageous thoughts and articles which gave him a bad image. I disagree with this for he coped very well with what problems he was faced with. The case of Jack the Ripper was his most difficult case but he faced it head on and didn’t back down to defeat. I believe people could not see the inner workings to all that he did. After all the issues that he still received he resigned which left officers in dismay and disappointed for the great job that he did do. To conclude I believe that he was very effective as Head of the Metropolitan Police for all of the difficulties that he dealt with in a sensible manner which enabled the public to feel safe and the officers around him to be at ease, he improved Police investigation strategies which gave him great respect. I also think that all of the criticism he received off of the public and press he still continued to do his work and did not let things overcome him. Overall he really did help the Metropolitan Police to improve and was a very good man in what he did and achieved.

What is American?

America is a consciousness rather than a culture, a way of life more than a precise political identity. Through the decades of immigration and settlement, with its unique characteristics of absorption and adjustment, assimilation and integration, America has become more than just a word for a geographical entity – it is a melting pot of diverse streams of humanity with their individual traits morphed into a fused sense of the American way of life. Fugazi’s lyrics define this perception of the ‘American’ identity which has magnified into multi-cultural multi-ethnic dimensions beyond the limited parameters of the name:America is just a word but I use it. Language keeps me locked and repeating. (â€Å"Stacks†) What is so unique about the different races and cultures coming to America, transforming themselves and causing a metamorphism in the constitution of the country, like subtle ripples on still waters? In this global world, there are umpteen numbers of displacements and re-settlements in every nation. Why is it that the American identity is changed because of the influx of people, customs and ideas? It is exemplified in Chesterton’s words:In a word, what is unique is not America but what is called Americanization†¦ [The British] are not trying to Anglicize thousands of French cooks or Italian organ grinders. France is not trying to Gallicize thousands of English trippers or German prisoners of war. America is the one place in the world where this process, healthy or unhealthy, possible or impossible, is going on. And the process†¦is not internationalization. It would be truer to say it is the nationalization of the internationalized.It is making a home out of vagabonds and a nation out of exiles. (â€Å"What is America? †) The American identity is an evolution, originating from the solid foundation of the Bill of Rights to a deep sense of patriotism and openness to change, a fighting spirit coupled with a friendly welcome to different nationalities. From the stars and stripes flag fluttering on American rooftops on Fourth of July to the barbeque on Labor Day, the solemn remembrance of Veterans’ Day and the Thanksgiving turkey, there is a sense of pride and belonging in the name ‘American’.This nation’s uniqueness rests on the principle of free will and choice. It is a democracy not closeted in theoretical ideology, but actively visible in the food, clothes, languages, religious beliefs and practices and lifestyles of the multi-faceted citizens of America. The American identity is an antithetical blend of internationalism in a nutshell of a nation. It is evidenced in the Italian pasta fragrant with the Indian cumin and the Caribbean peppers; it is seen in the combination platter of Japanese sushi with Chinese noodles and Spanish paella.Even the American dinner of pizza is transformed into a multi-cultural multi-cuisine entity with the customization of ing redients and flavors from all parts of the world. The free market economy of this nation is a distinctive quality of the American way of life. America is a land of opportunity where merit and talent are endorsed, hard work is remunerated, and the sky is the limit for individuals with aspiration and ingenuity. From the Silicon Valley I. T. avenues to the Mid-Western blue-collar industry and the East Coast corporate giants, labor is respected, regardless of the station and type of work.The bus driver is greeted with the same friendly welcome as the white-collar executive. Unlike the European, especially the English Work culture, there is no pedigree demanding privilege in the American democracy. For every citizen by birth or choice, ‘America’ symbolizes a hope for a better future, a dream crystallized to reality by sheer hard work and creative vision. There is no specific definition of the American culture, yet when thousands of cheering fans root for the inimitable Yanke es or the Dallas Cowboys, one experiences the unmistakable sense of being ‘American’.Sometimes, it is just enough to feel the macrocosm of the word than attempt to characterize its identity in the microcosm of a description. And this is invariably true of the American identity in the cosmos of its culture. Works Cited Chesterton, G. K. â€Å"What is America? † What I saw in America. 14 November 2008. < http://www. libertynet. org/edcivic/chestame. html> Fugazi. â€Å"Stacks lyrics†. 14 November 2008. < http://www. mp3lyrics. org/f/fugazi/stacks/>

A Different History by Sujata Bhatt †Analysis Essay

Explore the ideas in the poem A Different History by Sujata Bhatt. Sujata Bhatt reflects and explores on the ideas of ‘culture, ‘values’, human struggle, religion combined with its beliefs and acquisition of foreign or strange language. Bhatt invites the readers and takes them through the culture of India and its religious beliefs that every life respects them there. There is enough vocabulary to understand this in the poem. She also expresses her bitterness and strong emotions towards the struggle and torture borne by the people ‘here’ in the past. She wonders and ponders on the issues of ‘tongue’ and ‘language’ She shows her amazement and expresses her inability to understand how people ‘here’ learn to love the ‘strange language’ that put to suffer the torture and struggle for identity. The poem does not have a traditional structure in terms of stanzas or the rhyme scheme in it. The complex ideas of religion, beliefs, values, culture and loving foreign language might be the reasons for composing it with no rhyme and irregular parts. The first 18 lines run in religious and reverential tone but the poet immediately shifts to bitterness and wonder. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay The first part begins with an introduction to the Nature god, Great Pan, who assumed to be dead to rest of the world. But Bhatt reminds the world that India welcomed this ‘immigrant’. The phrase,’Great Pan is not dead’, conveys the world that the culture of worshipping â€Å"Nature’ gets home in India. The word ‘emigrated’ shows us that this emigrant is neither dead nor has intensions to return to his country. Thus, she makes a point that the culture in India is unique with ‘A Different History’; a history which respects and worships the Nature and the environment around without somebody gives any awareness. Introducing the word ‘India’, she touches the living values and culture in this country. She tries to conjure the readers into understanding how the people ‘here’ believe in ‘snakes and monkeys as gods’. She explores on the values and beliefs of the people ‘here’. The word ‘sacred’ allows the readers understand the inherited values and beliefs here about worshipping ‘trees’. She brings out the picture of togetherness in animals and trees. The simile ‘disguised as snakes and monkeys’ provides us the clue to the belief of sacredness. Bhatt explains the fact that ‘sin’ doesn’t need to be a serious wrong act in ‘this culture’ but a small act can be ‘sin’. Bhatt uses three verbs that denote rudeness in behavior towards books. She uses ‘shove’ , ‘slam’, and ‘toss’ to explain how the culture ‘Here’ values knowledge. Though treating a book rudely is not an act of disrespect but an act of ‘sin’ here’; a serious connotation. Bhatt uses the word ‘sin’ three times to mean more than a wrong act in life. This throws light on the culture of ‘India’ and values observed here. Bhatt gives a hint of religious beliefs in her though not really enthusiastically to prevent the idea of negativity in her ideas. She introduces ‘Sarasvati’ to the readers of English as a ‘goddess of Arts’ – knowledge, painting and music. She conveys that the people( ‘soul’) enjoy endless freedom ‘here’ but they are bound to observe the beliefs of this culture. The line ‘You must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. disturbing Sarasvati’ highlights the idea the freedom is in respecting one’s culture and self but not enjoying oneself which is selfishness. There is a hint of dualism in 17th and 18th lines. These lines express the value system which is an ‘obligation’ in this culture. We can understand this with the word ‘must’ in the poem. Bhatt suddenly shifts her tone from reverential attitude to bitter and emotional tone in the second part of the poem. She questions all the histories in the world to recollect how different ‘oppressors’ and ‘conquerors’ left their ‘tongues’ to destroy other cultures. The metaphor ‘oppressor’s tongue’ and two rhetorical questions in the second part make the readers feel guilty of human history. It is a history of oppression which left dark chapters. The word ‘murder’ makes it very clear that the history of ‘oppressors’ is not very appreciable. She expresses her bitterness and shows aggressiveness for forcing the ‘tongue’ on ‘a different culture’. Bhatt closes the poem with amazement in the last 7 lines. She uses enjambment to compose the complex idea of acquisition of ‘strange language’. She asks ‘how does it happen’ but continues to answer her own question with wonder and amazement. Bhatt feels that it is quiet difficult to understand how people love the language left by the ‘conquerors’ face’ after the ‘soul’ borne the torture. It becomes wonder for the poet to notice that the people here were left with ‘cropped soul’ but they stepped into future to love ‘the strange tongue’. English language must be the strange language that she refers in the poem. Maybe, people here welcome the change with time and life and they are kind to forgive or forget the past as it is no more important in the present. She uses ‘the unborn grandchildren’ which allows the readers to understand that the present generations are living in a different culture where everyone ccepts other cultures. Bhatt seems to be fearful to see the danger of forgetting the language of origin. Because the ‘strange language’ is lovable now, it may lead to the disappearance of mother tongue. She uses ‘unborn grandchildren’ to mean the generations who would come in this world. She also hints that these generations would accept and welcome all the cultures that they live in. Today, the world is not left with a culture that is purely not affected. So the poet thinks one might live and accept different cultures that affect them. The poet gives us the universal theme of ‘acceptance of all the cultures’. Though one would love his/her own culture, it also happens that people(souls) accept and begin to love other language(strange language). In conclusion, I think that the poem explores the ideas from culture to values and oppression to loving strange language. Readers also understand the ideas of culture, religion, beliefs and ‘a history with difference’; where people are kind and modest to accept different culture and their language yet continue to have ‘a different history’ for themselves.

Critically Analyse an Identified Public Health Strategy or Campaign Assignment

Critically Analyse an Identified Public Health Strategy or Campaign - Assignment Example Again, due to the need to decentralize the effective advancement of sexual and reproductive health, countries including the United Kingdom have set up several localized sexual health projects. One of such is found in Solihull. With a population of 94,753, Solihull is faced with a number of sexual and reproductive health issues including high sexually transmitted infection rate and high rate of unplanned conception. As it is commonly said, if you do not know where you are going, any road takes you there. This means that for major project such as the sexual and repreoductive health program of Solihull, it is important to have a strategic agenda that guides the implementation of the project. It is in light of this that the Solihull Sexual Health Strategic Plan 2008 – 2013 has been designed as a policy context for dealing with the many issues of sexual and reproductive health that confront Solihull. The population of Solihull suffers from three major sexual and reproductive health needs, which form the basis for the sexual and health strategic plan 2008 to 2013. The first of these has to do with a sudden high rate of teenage conception in the last 3 years. It has been observed that unlike what existed earlier where the national rates of teenage conception for England was higher than what existed in Solihull, there has been a sudden turn around whereby the teenage conception rates have gone higher within the population than what existed before (Wanless, 2004). Even though the rates are currently not above the national rates, they remain higher than they were before. In the graph below, the rate of teenage pregnancy in women aged 15 to 17 in 2009 and 2011 are compared between England and Solihull. From the graph, it can be seen that the rate of teenage pregnancy and for that matter unplanned conception in Solihull keeps increasing with increasing national rates. The second sexual health need that confronts the region has to

Challenges Employees face with electronic health records Research Paper

Challenges Employees face with electronic health records - Research Paper Example Hence, there will be three parts in the research methodology, 1- description of the research strategy, 2- description of sampling strategy and 3- detail description and justification of the data collection instruments. As the researcher will use questionnaire survey method to collect data hence the study will also highlight ethical issues associated with the paper. Research Strategy The researcher has the option to select either qualitative research or quantitative research to conduct the analysis but the researcher will use quantitative research techniques for analyzing demographic variables while qualitative methodology will be used in order to analyze data from the perception perspective of respondents. Quantitative research methodology helps researchers to address â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what might be† components in any research question while qualitative methodology helps in understanding perception of respondents (Roslender 250). Qualitative research methodology can also be used in order to social praxis of the research problem or critical issues regarding any kind of process change (Tinker 18.1; 101). Although these researchers used quantitative research methodology for accounting research but quantitative research methodology can be successfully used for addressing business research problems (Saunders, Lewis, and Adrian 100-102). Hence the researcher will use mix of quantitative and qualitative research technique backed by primary and secondary data sources. Key purpose of this paper is to understand â€Å"how employees at Eye Health Vision Centers feel about the transition from paper charts to Electronic Health Records† Hence the questionnaire will be decided on the basis of this primary research questions and staff in the ophthalmology centers will be the key participants in the questionnaire survey. As mentioned in the module 1, a particular ophthalmology centre (name of the centre will not be used due to confidentiality norm in ethical form) will be selected as the study setting. Any survey is incomplete without questionnaire while close ended questionnaire used in order to check response of respondents on particular topic and open ended questions are used in order to gather perception of respondents. However, in case of medical research on perception of staff about particular system, it is better to use open ended questionnaire (Whiddett, Hunter, Engelbrecht and Handy 75; 532). Hence, the researcher will use open ended questions will be used in order to understand experience of staff at ophthalmology centre regarding transition from paper charts to Electronic Health Records. There is more than 40 staff in the ophthalmology centre and they work in different department in the ophthalmology centre hence researcher will need to identify mutually exclusive but collectively exhaustive sample size which can represent the behavior of sample population. Hence, in the next section, the researcher will brief the sa mpling strategy that has been selected for the research. Sampling Strategy In the ophthalmology centre, there are more than 40 employees and each of the employees has different experience regarding

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Case study - Essay Example The network initiative implemented in Danone forced some of the local managers to behave like dictators. It was difficult for the employees to share the knowledge over the network without seeking the consent of the managers. Mougin deliberately allowed the local managers to take more power in order to have products that differed from market to market, to stay close to consumers. He calculated that decentralization would help Canone to compete more effectively in the market. In short, Mougin found no harm in giving more autonomy to the local managers. However the frontline managers were confused by the above strategy. â€Å"They lacked clear directions from headquarters and often didn’t know whom to turn to for advice. And, there was little horizontal communication among the large divisions† (Edmondson et al, 2008, p.6). Front line managers became less powerful or jobless because of the decentralization strategies of Mougin. On the other hand the local managers acquired more power in the absence of any centralized control. Danone has no centralized database for recoding or saving the knowledge of its employees. The network initiative helped the company only in exchanging the ideas of the workers; however the company has not taken any serious effort to save that knowledge for the future references. Moreover, the Company failed miserably in segregating between the knowledge and information. Some of the information exchanged through the network was mere information whereas some others were knowledge. Knowledge needed to be protected for future references even though some of the information can be neglected. In short, Danone has to enforce more centralized control both in their organizational functioning and in the knowledge management. Local managers should work under the frontline managers and they should perform everything after taking the permission from the front line mangers. If the company likes to continue with the strategy of giving autonomy t o their local mangers, then it is better for the company to use the frontline mangers in other areas of its functioning. Knowledge exchanged through the network should be saved for future reference. My assessment of the Networking Attitude initiative The Networking Attitude initiative was a way to share knowledge across groups in the geographically dispersed Danone Company (Edmondson et al, 2008, p.1). The networking attitude initiative was a well thought out strategy in my opinion. Danone has business units in more than 120 countries and it is necessary for the company to exchange the newly developed knowledge across its business networks. Business concepts, philosophies and climates are changing rapidly because of the knowledge explosion and it is essential for Danone to update the knowledge of its diverse workforce periodically. Danone has allowed its employees to share their knowledge between them rather than waiting for the instructions of the superiors. In other words, sharing of the knowledge between the employees helped Danone workforce to function more efficiently and that also at the right time. The consequences of the time delay in obtaining the instructions from the superiors in a rapidly paced business environment were thus avoided in Danone Company. â€Å"From 2004 to 2007, Danone employees shared almost 640 good practices with colleagues† (Edmondson et al,

Critical Literacy Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Literacy Narrative - Essay Example As a Chinese person, learning English was not easy for me. First, I need to mention here that while one can find many people knowing English in the non-English countries, China is one such country where not many people know English. Even with the status of an international language, Chinese people are generally reluctant to learn English language and prefer to communicate with one another in the Chinese language both within China and outside. However, one cannot deny the importance of learning English language in the present age. Today, when globalization has reached its peak, learning English has become more of a condition than a choice. So I had to learn English anyway. I started learning English in the school. We started over with learning letters, then vovals, words, pronunciations, poems, lines, passages, and short stories. As I progressed through various classes in school, learning English became more and more thorough and detailed. In high school, I learned writing letters and essays. The more I wrote, the better I got at speaking and writing English. However, listening English and understanding native English people speak English was not easy for me because I had heard English being spoken in the Chinese accent in China. But I had to move over to the US for higher education. For this, developing competence in listening and understanding English in addition to other competencies was very important. I started developing competence in listening and understanding English in the British and American accent by watching Hollywood movies. I believe that Hollywood movies are a very good and informative source for people who want to learn English. Not only are these movies in native English accents, but the language actors use is the one we use in everyday life. So I get to learn English the way it is spoken by the native people in everyday life. As I learned English more and more, I learned that there is not one, but many accents of native English; there is an A merican accent, a British accent, and an Australian accent to mention a few. The first movie that sparked a motivation in me to learn English was Titanic. I totally loved that movie, but at the time when it was released, I couldn’t understand and enjoy it fully because of my limited knowledge of English. However, I was very motivated by the movie and wanted to learn English more in order to be able to enjoy such wonderful movies fully. I saw more English movies and over the passage of time, my competence in English language improved. The biggest challenge I experienced after moving to the US was understanding English in the native American accent. People found it hard to understand me and I found it hard to understand them. This complicated the matters for me manifolds as I not only faced the challenge of adjusting in the US, but also of understanding others and making myself understood. In order to live happily in a native English country, learning English is a must. Even pe ople who can speak English but not perfectly experience so many issues in the native English countries, what to talk of them who do not know English at all. â€Å"the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her† (Tan 506) are some of the difficulties commonly experienced

Human Rights and Oil Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Human Rights and Oil Companies - Essay Example It also examines prominent cases under the Alien Tort Statute of 1789. The paper goes on to view some codes of best practice in relation to the operations of American multinationals and petroleum companies overseas in relation to human rights. The paper concludes with the writer's opinions and findings about the subject. Human Rights â€Å"Human rights create entitlements and are fundamentally different from rights established solely as state obligations that cannot be claimed by the beneficiaries† (Kalin & Kunzli 32). This implies that human rights refer to some inherent rights that people must be granted irrespective of their status and situation. In other words, human rights are not conditional. In includes the right that any human being must be granted in any situation or condition. Although beneficiaries of human rights are individuals, they are sometimes asserted by minorities in various collective forms (Kalin & Kunzli 32). In other words, people can come together a gro up to demand their human rights in a collective manner. This can be done through group actions like protests on the street or universal adult suffrage elections like a referendum or plebiscite to choose a given option. Human rights are constitutive and not regulative (Milne 103). This is in line with John Locke's view on natural right which requires people to be granted certain rights without having to work for it (Donelly 18). These rights are based on moral vision. This should generally include natural justice wich involves the right to life and the right to fair trial and justice on the part of all human beings. No one must decide whether to grant those rights or not. They are inherent and there are no conditions or exceptions that can be attached to such rules. In a nation, there are three main conceptions that ensure that human rights are entrenched and observed throughout the nation (Milne 104). First of all, human rights are guaranteed where there is the rule of law. In other words, human rights can be guaranteed if there is a constitution and the constitution guarantees some inherent and inalienable rights of people in a given society. Secondly, the supremacy of human rights laws must be guaranteed. And thirdly, there should be equality before the law in the interpretation of human rights law. Due to the supremacy and entrenched nature of human rights, all groups and units within a given nation must honor these laws. This therefore means that businesses in every nation, whether they are international or local, should honor human rights laws. Human rights laws are internationally guaranteed (Kalin & Kunzli 32). This therefore means that there is an international framework within which human rights can be discharged. Laws that Protect Humans Rights In every nation, the constitution and fundamental rights must ensure that basic human rights are protected. The Parliament of every nation must make laws that are sensitive to human rights (Campbell & Goldswor th 259). This therefore means that there should be an entrenched and established universal system that must respect and honor the basic rights of all citizens. The parliament or law making body of every nation should be sensitive to fundamental human rights in the making of laws. Also, in interpreting the law in relation to specific cases, the Judiciary must guarantee the human rights of individuals. Where this is in

Six Zigma methology and how the consultant can use it during Essay

Six Zigma methology and how the consultant can use it during consulting process - Essay Example The task for the consultants is extremely challenging because the oppurtunities for defects (OFD) in the automobiles is extremely high. While the original aim of Six Sigma was focused on the manufacturing processes, today marketing, billing, purchasing and invoicing functions are also advised by consultants which help to constantly minimize errors and improve efficiency. Six Sigma methodology defines, measures, analyzes, improves and controls (DMAIC) the entire improvement process and there are teams formed to oversee the improvement process (Heuring, 2004). Sigma representing standard deviation has evolved from a measurement scale to a far reaching methodology to drive business improvement. The sigma level is the benchmark for the ability of a process to accomplish the demanded requirements (Pfeifer, Reissiger & Canales, 2004). There are so many oppurtunities to apply the Six Sigma that companies find it difficult to decide which project to tackle. Consultants do not find it easy to make Six Sigma work through an organization. If the employees are discontented, then success with Six Sigma cannot be achieved. Six Sigma strategy places emphasis on achieving quantifiable and measurable financial returns to the bottom line of an organization (Antony, 2004). It also clarifies that to be successful there has to be strong and passionate leadership. Six Sigma methodology integrates the human and the process elements of improvement. The human elements include the culture change, customer focus, belt system and infrastructure while the process includes process management, statistical analysis of data, and measurement system analysis. The tools and techniques for fixing the problems are utilized in a sequential and disciplined manner. The difference in the success and failure of the Six Sigma project depends on how, where, and when the tools are applied. Six Sigma creates an

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Charles Jencks and Postmodernism - Essay Example Postmodernism defined the exaggerated and incessantly revolutionary form of Modernism. For Jencks Postmodernism hybridises Modernism by reweaving the recent modern past and local culture. Charles Jencks referred to Modernism as to the international style deriving from facts of the new means of construction and satisfactory to a new industrial culture. He also stated that the goal of Modernism was the change of society, both in its social structure and taste. Being an "international" and a "universal" style, this movement proved unwilling to historical and cultural context considerations. Postmodernism, according to him, replaces the shortcomings of Modernism by relating the architecture of a place with the place itself by deriving inspirations from the local construction style and culture of a place. The Classical explanation of Postmodernism was made by Charles Jencks in 1978. He characterized Postmodernist architecture as "double coding": the mixture of Modern techniques with traditional construction so Postmodern architects could communicate with the society and create buildings that are more relevant to the surroundings as compared to the international style. ... Post-modernism means the end of a single world view and a resistance to single explanations, a respect for difference and a celebration of the regional, local and place particular peculiarities. Yet in its suffix 'Modern', it still carries the essence of a process which is international and in some senses universal. In this sense it is always hybrid, mixed, ambiguous, and 'double-coded" architecture which results out of the process of Postmodernist thinking. His theories hold distrust in architecture that 'expressed' through its form; whether function, or feelings & associations: Jencks argues that these expressive forms could give rise to unintended meanings and at times ends up in confusion. For example the form of the Ronchamp chapel designed by Le Corbusier relates itself to that of the hat of a man, a ship and the praying hands of a man or a flying bird. This according to him created confusion. Jencks describes Postmodernism as a movement that is irreducibly multiple, located between the demands of past aesthetics and those of present-day technologies and struggles. He opines that architecture must relate everyday meanings to more important manifestations in terms of architectural functions in a building, be they social, political, religious or cultural. As described in the book Language of Post-Modern Architecture, the end of Modernism and architecture as social experimentation was epitomised by the blowing up of the St. Louis Pruitt Igoe public housing estate in 1972. In his book Jencks describes this event as a milestone in history that marked the formal death of modernism owing to its failure the experiment in high-rise public housing for low

Memorandum Mandatory Use of Turkish Language Essay Example for Free

Memorandum Mandatory Use of Turkish Language Essay This Memorandum aims to provide brief information on (i) provisions and restrictions imposed by the Law on Mandatory Use of Turkish Language by Economic Enterprises numbered 805 and dated 10 April 1926 (the â€Å"Law No. 805†) on Turkish and foreign enterprises; (ii) consequences of non-compliance with the Law No. 805; and (iii) application of the good faith principle in the light of the precedents of the Turkish Supreme Court of Appeals (the â€Å"Court of Appeals†). A. SCOPE OF THE LAW NO. 805 The Law No. 805 is applicable to all Turkish and foreign enterprises with respect to transactions listed in Articles 1 and 2 of the Law No. 805; however, application of the Law No. 805 differs depending on the nationality of the enterprise. 1. TurkÄ ±sh EnterprÄ ±ses In accordance with Article 1 of the Law No. 805, â€Å"Any type of companies and enterprises which have Turkish nationality shall use Turkish language in all kinds of transactions, agreements, correspondences, accounts and books within Turkey†. According to Article 1 of the Law No.805, each company and enterprise a the Turkish nationality is obliged to keep any kind of transaction, records and books and execute all agreements and make all communications with each other in Turkish language within the territory of Turkey. Accordingly, the only exclusion for the obligation of the use of Turkish language in transactions and communications of Turkish companies and enterprises is the case where such transactions and communications are executed/performed outside the territory of Turkey. In that respect, it is clear that an agreement to be executed between two or more Turkish companies should be prepared and signed in Turkish language, or if it is preferred to be executed in a foreign language, to be accompanied with a Turkish version which shall prevail in the event of discrepancy. There are several court decisions in this respect. In one of its judgments, the Court of Appeals has upheld that the parties, in the text of the agreement may refer to non-Turkish (international) terms and/ or clauses, only if (i) these terms cannot be replaced by a counterpart in Turkish; and (ii) the parties are obliged to include such terms in the agreement. However, it has also underlined by the Court of Appeals that this rule is valid only for terms and expressions either with no counterpart in Turkish or which cannot be written in Turkish. Similarly, in a later decision, the Court of Appeals has ruled that if the parties are both Turkish then all agreements must be executed in Turkish; although international terms and expressions may be incorporated into a Turkish agreement as a special condition. In this decision, the Court of Appeals has not accepted the usage of a maturity clause which was drafted in English language in an agreement executed in Turkish language since such maturity clause could easily be drafted in Turkish language as well. 2. ForeÄ ±gn enterprÄ ±ses In accordance with Article 2 of the Law No. 805, â€Å"This obligation applies to foreign companies and enterprises only in their communications, transactions and relations with the Turkish institutions and persons and for the documents, books and records which must be submitted to governmental offices and government officers.† Pursuant to Turkish legislation, a foreign enterprise is a duly incorporated legal entity that has its registered office outside of Turkey. For foreign enterprises, as stated above, the requirement of Turkish language usage is limited only to (i) transactions, correspondences and communications with persons and legal entities subject to Turkish laws; and (ii) documents, books and records which will be presented to Turkish authorities. In contrast with Article 1 of Law No. 805, Article 2 of the Law No. 805 has a narrower a scope of obligation to use Turkish language. The wording â€Å"agreement† is willingly not stated in Article 2 on purpose. In other words, the Law No. 805 does not specifically refer to agreements under the provision concerning foreign entities. This omission indicates that the Law No. 805 allows the execution of an agreement between a foreign entity and a Turkish entity in a foreign language. There are several court decisions with respect to Article 2 of the Law No. 805. In a decision by the 11th Circuit of the Court of Appeals, the Court of Appeals has upheld that all accounts and books have to be in Turkish language, when submitted to the relevant Turkish authorities. Otherwise, they do not have any validity before Turkish courts. The Court of Appeals has come to a similar conclusion summarizing that Turkish enterprises may enter into agreements with foreign enterprises in any language since Article 2 of the Law No. 805 specifically lists instances where foreign enterprises are prohibited from using a foreign language and this list does not include agreements. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals has concluded that agreements may be executed in any foreign language, where one of the parties is a foreign enterprise and the other is Turkish. According to this decision, an agreement executed in a foreign language between a foreign company and a Turkish company is valid and binding on the parties pursuant to and under Turkish laws. However, under Article 4 of the Law No.805, the parties are compelled to use Turkish language in all correspondences with respect to the agreement, although the agreement is allowed to be drafted in a foreign language. B. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW NO. 805 Pursuant to Article 7 of the Law No. 805, any party violating the related provisions is imposed to a judicial fine of at least 100 days. The Turkish Penal Code numbered 5237 has regulated the judicial fine provisions and accordingly the judicial fine for one day shall be determined between TL 20 – TL 100 depending on (i) severity of violation; (ii) specific and economic conditions of persons; and (iii) discretion of judges. C. GOOD FAITH PRINCIPLE Pursuant to Article 2 of the Turkish Civil Code, raising a good faith claim is possible regarding the conflicts in an agreement. While deciding on the validity of the good faith claims, the determination shall be made on a case-to-case basis. In terms of disputes regarding non-compliance with the Law No. 805, there is not a definite provision for the application of the good faith principle and we have not come across any judgment of the Court of Appeals regarding the good faith claims has raised with respect to the application of the Law No. 805. However, with respect to the general provisions regarding the good faith claims, by analogy, the following solution may apply to conflicts on the mandatory use of Turkish language in agreements. In the event that the parties have carried out their performances to the fullest extent, considering that the agreement is valid, the agreement, itself, should be considered valid, as well. The Court of Appeals, in one of its judgments, has stated that if parties have carried out their obligations under a contract for a long time, it would be a violation of the good faith principles to claim that the related contract is invalid. Similarly, the Assembly of Civil Chambers of the Court of Appeals has ruled in a former decision that the right to raise a good faith claim is restricted when the party raising the claim is acting against the good faith principle. Although the aforementioned judgment does not directly refer to a dispute under the Law No. 805, the following conclusion could be drawn: when one or both of the parties is awaring (or shall be aware) of the mandatory use of Turkish language requirement and the aware party (or parties) disregards this rule on purpose, they should not be able to rely on a good faith claim regarding the language of the agreement.

Some People Believe That the Earth Is Being Harmed Essay Example for Free

Some People Believe That the Earth Is Being Harmed Essay Some people think that things humans are doing hurt the planet; but others hold the opposite view and believe positive contribution of human activity to the Earth. Although the human contribution is no doubt, from my point of view, it is also undeniable that humans are harming the planet. Firstly, human industrial activities are seriously affecting the environment. Considering this issue, industrial plants probably hold a main responsibility. Many industrial plants just pay close attention to promoting their manufacture of new products and raising their benefits, but they do not care much about possible environmental problems from such their economic activities. The operation of industrial plants usually produces a massive amount of environmentally damaging matter, which will be discarded directly to the surrounding if the plants do not have their own good system of handling waste. The produced industrial waste products can include toxic chemicals such as carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid, and other hazardous waste that put risks to the environment where human and animal are living. As a result, the human industrial activities have unintentionally become main factors that contribute to environmental damages, namely air pollution, water pollution, the green house effect and the global warming, which have already been worrying issues of the world. According to a recent environmental research, it is estimated that production activities of industrial plants worldwide account for about 43% the total amount of air pollution and water pollution produced by the world annually. Along with the industrial development, even human daily activities have adverse impacts on our Earth. One of them that must be taken into account is transportation activities. Human commuting transportation is more and more aggressive, while traffic density and therefore associated environmental problems have soared considerably over the years. Exhaust fumes from means of transportation such as vehicles, cars and buses are also elements that have caused the green house effect and the global warming. Besides, using air conditioners can also ruin the environment. Air waste produced by air conditioners is one of factors that activate the process of ozone destruction, which can cause serious health problems to humans and other animals. Our seemingly harmless routine activities have actually been undermining our home, the Earth. In conclusion, as an implication when there are more and more environmental problems and natural disasters associated with human activities, people are posing a threat to the planet, and the subsequent outcome is increasingly taking serious effect. If we do not control or stop their damaging actions, the Earth will suffer seriously soon, and so will our own lives. Despite it is a good signal that people are now more aware of environmental problems accompanied by our activity, we also need more concrete actions and efforts to minimize damages we are causing to the Earth.

Waldorf educational theory

Waldorf educational theory All Educational system has an image, which lead to a unique learning process. Waldorf educational theory supports a magnificent learning process for children, which focus on reading, storytelling, rhythmic activities, practical activities related to nature. This research paper examines the depth of Waldorf philosophy and belief. INTRODUCTION Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian educator and philosopher, scientist and artist founded Waldorf at the beginning of 20th century. He believed there is a way to educate children into human beings who will be capable of bringing peace to the world. In April of 1919, Emil Molt, the owner of Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory invited him as a guest speaker, to educate the worker of his company in Germany. After listening to Steiners speech Molt asked him to establish a school for the children of the companys employees. Sterner agreed four conditions, which was, it should be a unified twelve years, and co-educational school and teacher will take the leading role and open to all children. And thats how the fist independent school ( Die Freie Waldorfschule) was opened on September 7, 1919. (www.waldorfanswers.com) Today Waldorf education is one of the largest independent schools in the world. There are more than 900 hundred Waldorf school in 83 countries and approximately 128 Waldorf school in North America. There are 10 Steiner teacher training in the United States and 2 in Canada. (www.whywaldorfworks.org) The philosophy and belief behind waldorf: Waldorf education is based on Steiners spiritual philosophy Anthroposophy which is wisdom or knowledge of the true nature of human being. The goal of the Waldorf education is to educate the whole human being that includes head, heart and hand. It means to teach them cognitively, physically and also spiritually. And the waldorf teachers do so through hand on learning experiences, dramatic and imaginative play, songs, drama etc. Waldorf believe that children learn by playing and imitating their adults and peers; exploring and experiencing everything by their own. The theories underlying models belief: According to Jean Piaget, childrens are like little scientist, they try to make sense of the world by exploring, making mistakes and then learning from them. Rudolf Stiener also believed in that. He said, receive the children in reverence, educate them in love, let them go forth in freedom. Waldorf teachers emphasize more on free play and independent creative play where children can exercise the power of their imagination and are free to explore their natural curiosities and less on teaching them reading or writing during the early years. They create an environment for children with rich in opportunities for creative work and imaginative play and give them freedom to explore and experience any materials that interest them. Thats why Waldorf students dont begin reading until 2nd or 3rd grade.

Essay --

There was once a poor, elderly fisherman with a wife and three children, who was in the habit of casting his net exactly four times each day. Despite he lived near a sea, his catch wasn't enough to feed the family and earn money for life, sometimes he had to choose between these things. His wife was always angry, she complained to herself about living with nothing. The children weren't clever, but they were good at fishing, and most of the time the old man took two of them with him when he was going fishing leaving one to help his mother. Once there was a storm, cloud were covering the whole sky so the sun couldn't be seen. Nobody in their right mind would go in such weather to the sea. But in fisherman's house left no food, so he was made by his wife to go there. He was standing on a cliff holding the net in his skinny, quavering. Suddenly a wave bumped him and he fall down in water. Waking up he realized that he was lying on sand in the sun. He found his net lying in seventeen meters from him, he came to it. But what's this? A golden lamp was entangled in his net. When he found the way to his home he put the lamp on the kitchen table for taking it to sale in a town. Telling his wife not to touch the lamp he went for fishing again, because he brought nothing but an old dirty lamp. He caught some fish for the dinner and went home. "I'm going to the town today to sell this lamp"- he said to the family. Before he went out he decided to polish the lap firstly to get more money. He started to polish it and a bright light illuminated the entire room. When the light had gone he saw a man looking at him, but there were no legs, there was just a smoke instead of them. "Who are you?!" - the fisherman asked. "I am called Jahar. I can f... ...aming that there had been no gold left, that she had spent all money and when she had not been able to pay the guard, they burned the house, killed her sons and took the gold. The man felt nothing but rage that fueled by his hatred for her. He smiled and told her to come with him, when they came to a room he took a dagger and slowly put stubbed it in her back. Seeing her dying in pain he understood that he caused all troubles by allowing jinn intervene in their lives. He took the lamp and came to the smith with the dagger with help of which he killed his wife. He gave it to him telling him to be careful with his wishes and put the dagger in his neck. He opened his eyes. He absolutely shocked lying in at home his bed near his wife absolutely shocked. It was just a dream. He went to the kitchen, took the lamp and ran to the sea to throw it away for nobody to find it.

The Politics of Contemporary Approaches to Shakespeare Essays -- Postm

Abstract Postmodern performance of Shakespeare, particularity in film, is characterized by a subjective experience within the play not an objective experience from the play. Under postmodernism, Shakespeare undergoes theorizing, deconstruction, displacement or death of the author, textual criticism, and cultural and political relativism but fails to produce solid answers. Postmodern Shakepseare does not offer new meanings but new and more possibilities for contemplating meaning. This fails both the traditionalist who relishes in reviving universal meaning, and the progressive who relishes propagating their political diatribe. Traditionalists can give a sigh of relief that Shakespeare thrives in the postmodern age by way of a growing number of Shakespeare troupes and festivals, the reconstruction of the Globe Theater, websites, stage productions and film (Worthen 2). -----------------Paper begins here------------------- A number of years ago, Arizona State University denied tenure to the head of the graduate theater program because of his commitment to teaching acting through the classics, most prominently through the plays of William Shakespeare. The professor under controversy, Professor Jared Sakren, hailed from Juilliard. ASU had recruited him primarily to build a graduate acting department. An equation for success turned into a recipe for disaster. The feminists in the department had purposed to "kill off the classics." Sakren was told to stop teaching the "sexist" works of Shakespeare or to revise the ending to such plays as The Taming of the Shrew in order to appease women (Alexander). Accompanying these recommendations, Sakren was also asked to reduce the academic rigor of his program. His office was searched and... ...ristopher, Klooss, Wolfgang. Tier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher, 2000. 185- 199. Makaryk, Irene. R. Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory : approaches, scholars, terms. Toronto: Univeristy of Toronto Press, 1993. Neilson, William Allan and Charles Jarvix Hill, ed. The Complete Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare. Cambridge: The Riverside Press, 1942. Reinfandt, Christoph. "Reading Shakespeare Historically: 'Postmodern' Attitudes and the History Plays." Historicizing/Contemporizing Shakespeare: Essays in Honour of Rudolf BÃ ¶hm. Eds. Bode, Christopher, Klooss, Wolfgang. Tier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher, 2000. p 73-89. Shaughnessy, Robert. "The Last Post: Henry V, War Culture and the Postmodern Shakespeare." Theatre Survey. 39:1 (1998): 41-61. Worthen, W.B. "Shakespeare and Postmodern Production: An Introduction." Theatre Survey. 39:1 (1998): 1-5.

Cry, the Beloved Country :: Cry the Beloved Country Essays

Cry, the Beloved Country In Cry, the Beloved Country, the author, Alan Paton used two main characters to present both the whites and Africans' point of view. James Jarvis, Paton's European characters experienced a subtle but yet also impacting transition; His indifference towards the evolving problems of the society later surprisingly transformed into the courage to take actions in solving these problems. Through his journey in Johannesburg, trying to understand his son's "liberal" view and witnessing a downfall of an African girl, Jarvis found out that his apathy only worsened the predicaments faced by his country; For he could not be a spectator after his son's death, Jarvis decided to "...about doing whatever good is within his power." However, Jarvis discovered that "such thing [helping Africans in anywhere he could] is not lightly done", but required boldness and determination to fulfill these goals. As the book II of Cry, the Beloved Country unfolded, Paton described Jarvis as a white British farmer looking down at the valley from his "high place", an narrow minded person who only saw things from his point of view, "... if they [Africans] got more land, and if by some chance they could make a living off from it, who would work on the white man's farm?". In his stay at Johannesburg, Jarvis learned that his recent murdered son, Arthur Jarvis who fought and spoke about the very problems of the society that his father ignores and avoids. "Yes, he [Arthur Jarvis] was always speaking here and there ... Native crime, and more native schools, and he kicked up a hell of a dust in the papers about the conditions at the noneuropean hospital.". Devastated by the death of his deceased son and confused by "this boy of his who had gone journeying in strange water", Jarvis found himself beginning to doubt his principles and moral. "I didn't know it would ever be so important to understand him [ Arthur Jarvis]" Indeed, Jarvis found that indifference is slowly degenerating the society around him, "...she went to the bad and started to brew liquor ...she was arrested and sent to jail... I do not know... And I do not care." Later, as Jarvis comes upon an essay written by his son, "From them [James and Mary Jarvis] I [Arthur Jarvis] learned all that a child should learn of honor and charity and generosity.

Comparison between Creon and Antigone in Oedipus the King Essay

In the Oedipus plays, two of the major characters include Creon, the brother in law of Oedipus and Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus. Although these two characters play different roles in the plays Oedipus the King and Antigone, they share a lot of similarities. Basically, one of the similarities that Creon and Antigone have is that the burdens that they carried throughout the plays were passed down to them by Oedipus following his downfall and exile. After Oedupis’s exile, Creon assumed the throne of Thebes and took control of the city. Although his intentions in ruling Thebes are pure, like Oedipus who refused to listen to the blind prophet when he told him that he was the one who murdered his father, Creon’s judgment was blinded when he initially refused to give proper burial rites to his enemy, Polynices, Oedipus son. As a result, Antigone, hanged herself, causing her lover Haemon, Creon’s son, to kill himself as well. Likewise, Antigone inherited the stubbornness of his father when she defied Creon’s order deny the corpse of Polynices, her brother, a proper burial. For her defiance, Creon had her thrown into a tomb, where she committed suicide through hanging. In short, both Creon and Antigone were affected by Oedipus’s tragic downfall as he apparently passed down his misfortunes to those who succeeded him and to his family members. Antigone herself said this in her conversation with her sister, in which she said â€Å"My own flesh and blood—dear sister, dear Ismene, how many griefs our father Oedipus handed down! Do you know one, I ask you, one grief that Zeus will not perfect for the two of us while we still live and breathe? There’s nothing, no pain—our lives are pain—no private shame, no public disgrace, nothing I haven’t seen in your grief and mine. † In other words, Antigone spoke as if tragedies are passed down in Oedipus’s family like they were family heirlooms. Moreover, both Creon and Antigone exemplified also suffered the same losses. Creon lost his son, Haemon, and his wife, Eurydice who both committed suicide while Antigone lost her father, Oedipus, and her two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles, who killed each other while fighting over who would rule over Thebes. In other words, both characters were left alone in their personal battles. However, while the two characters share several similarities, they also have various differences. For one, Antigone acknowledges the past tragedies as shown in the quote above and uses them as a motivation to move forward. Moreover, she is more bold and prudent than Creon as shown during their confrontation in which he asked her why she was defying him and she answered, â€Å"I didn’t say yes. I can say no to anything I say vile, and I don’t have to count the cost. But because you said yes, all that you can do, for all you’re crown and your trappings, and your guards—all that your can do is to have me killed. † On the other hand, Creon is a manipulative and narrow-minded person as shown in his initial refusal to believe in the blind prophet’s prediction. His personality is best shown in his description of Thebes wherein he said, â€Å"Anarchy—show me a greater crime in all the earth! She, she destroys cities, rips up houses, breaks the ranks of spearmen into headlong rout. But the ones who last it out, the great mass of them owe their lives to discipline. Therefore we must defend the men who live by law, never let some woman triumph over us. Better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man—never be rated inferior to a woman, never. † In sum, while both characters share similarities due to their close relationship with Oedipus, they also have differences that distinguish their characters. Antigone is a realistic, decisive yet stubborn character while Creon is a person who holds himself in high esteem but later realizes he is human as well. Works Cited â€Å"Oedipus the King. † 2008. The Internet Classics Archive. 3 April 2008 . â€Å"Antigone. † 2008. 2008. The Internet Classics Archive. 3 April 2008 .

Pleasant ville essay Essay

A new idea can throw off a whole community. Don’t believe me? Watch Pleasantville, a movie on how a pair of twins, brother and sister, completely change a city. They are transported from the modern world, to a quaint town in a T.V. show called Pleasantville. As quick as the pair of twins spread their ideas they try even harder to stop them, not wanting to change how the whole community functions. But it proved to be impossible and soon everything was changing, for the better and for the worse. Sociologists can view this movie in three different perspectives: the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspective. The Conflict Perspective is shown throughout the movie. This perspective focuses on those forces in society that promote change and competition. In this movie, an example would be the colored vs. the black and white folks. Violence aroused between the colored vs. the black and white’s. Soon the black and white folks began to vandalize the colored people’s shops, homes, and even went as far as to racism laws; they viewed the colored people as different individuals because they were accepting change. The colored vs. the black and white’s is viewed as a conflict perspective because of the change that is accruing from the black and white’s racism toward the colored people; like only gray and white paint, the Lovers Lane and the library being closed up, colored and the black and white’s sit separated at court, and no umbrellas on sale. Another example would be the moms’ inner conflict within her; she accepts the change but is too afraid to show it. She is in love with Mr. Johnson but she has to choose to either stay true to her husband or too follow her heart. This is an example of conflict perspective because the wife is beginning to change because of the conflict within her; like not going to sleep at the same time as her husband, not wanting to be a house wife anymore, not having food ready for her husband when he gets home, and last but not least becoming colored. The functionalist perspective is employed by those who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to create a stable social system. Since not everything in society is positive, a dysfunction is the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system. This is shown in the movie when the  roles of daughter and mother have changed. Instead of the mom giving her daughter â€Å"the talk† it’s the other way around. This is an example of functional perspective because the mother is no longer doing her job. Another example would be the firemen. They are not exactly doing their job either; instead of stopping fires they rescue cats from trees because fire does not really exist in Pleasantville. They don’t really start doing their job until the twins show up and the first fire occurs and even then bud has to show them how to do their job and stop the fire! The last type is interactionist perspective, which is how individuals interact with each other’s in society. Sociologists would focus on how soon after Mary Sue’s relations with her brother improved, and soon after she would ask him for advice and confide in him. The fact that they were stranded in a 1950’s T.V. show makes them stick together. Another example is how the kids were acting more provocative and became sexually active. This was a huge change from their previous, obedient character. Also after a few days, Mary Sue’s friends were speaking in the same ’90s dialect. This is shown when her friend remarks â€Å"Cool!† Mary Sue changed the way they communicated with her ideas. All these examples fall under interactionist perspective because the characters began to change the way they talk and how they interact with one another. The key theme in this movie is change. It shows that change can be both positive and negative, with the Functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives. As the plot progresses, Pleasantville changes increasingly and colors begin to appear, symbolizing the spread of new ideas. Without change, a society truly cannot function.

Compare and Contrast two theories of Bystander Behaviour Essay

â€Å"A man approached the gates of heaven and asked to be admitted. ‘Tell me one good thing you have ever done in your life’, said St Peter. ‘Well’, said the man. ‘I saw a group of skinheads harassing an elderly lady and so I went over and kicked the leader in the shin’. Impressed, St Peter asked when this act of bravery had occurred. ‘About 40 seconds ago,’ came the response.† (Cardwell, Clark & Meldrum 2001) Bystander apathy (effect) can be defined as a tendency for people to more likely act in an emergency or come to the aid of other when they are alone, or conversely, the lesser likelihood of an observer to help people in trouble if other people are present. (Corsini 1999). There have been many theories surrounding bystander behaviour; two prominent examples are Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley’s (1970) Cognitive model and Piliavin et al.’s (1981) Bystander-calculus model. These theories have been widely discussed and have many similar and contrasting ideas. Latan and Darley’s cognitive model of bystander behaviour is considered a classic theory in psychology; it uses a five stage model to show that bystander intervention depends on the outcomes of a series of decisions. These stages progress from whether the bystander notices the incident to determining whether their intervention would put them in danger. The model argues that a person’s response could be inhibited at any time during the five stages, examples of these are; audience inhibition, social influence and norms, and diffusion of responsibility. (Latan & Nida 1981). A series of experiments were conducted in support of this theory. Latan and Darley (1970) carried out an experiment whereby male participants were invited to discuss some of the problems involved in life at a large university. While they were completing a questionnaire the room was filled with smoke through a wall vent. Participants were either alone, with two other participants they did not know, or with two confederates who completely ignored the smoke. Latanand Darley wanted to establish how the participants would react and how long they took to do it. The results showed that the hypothesis that people in such situations look to others around them to decide what to do was correct. 75% of the participants that were alone took positive action, 38% of the two-stranger groups reacted the same way, and only 10% of participants grouped with two confederates acted. Latan and Darley concluded that the presence of others can inhibit people from responding in an emergency; the more people, the slower the response. (Hogg & Vaughan 2002) In terms of evaluating Latan and Darley’s model, Schroeder et al. (1995) believe that this model provides a valuable framework for understanding Bystander behaviour. Although this model was originally designed to explain intervention in emergency situations it has been successfully applied to many other events. However, it doesn’t provide a complete picture; it doesn’t tell us why these ‘no’ decisions are taken at any of the five steps, particularly when the situation has been defined as an emergency and personal responsibility has been accepted. Also, as Dovidio (1995) points out, the model focuses on why people don’t help others – why people do intervene needs to be considered and research has shown that Piliavin et al.’s (1969,1981) Arousal-Cost-Reward Model investigates this. The second major theory surrounding Bystander Behaviour is the Arousal-Cost-Reward Model formulated by Piliavin et al. (1969, 1981). This theory was first developed in 1969 as an attempt to provide an explanation for the results of the New York Subway experiment. It was later revised in 1981 to cover both emergency and non-emergency intervention. The Arousal-Cost -Reward theory is a major alternative to Latan and Darley’s (1970) cognitive model; it has been suggested that it is a fine tuning of some of the processes outlined in the decision model by identifying a number of critical situational and bystander variables that help to determine whether the bystander will intervene in various circumstances. However, Latanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Darley noted that labelling the failure to help a victim in an emergency is too simplistic as it could be concealing other variables and processes. (Hogg & Vaughan 2002) In 1981 Piliavin et al. revised the model and began to consider the influence of a new range of variables, such as bystander personality and mood, the clarity of the emergency, victim and potential helpers and the attributions made by potential helpers and the victims deservingness. Although some of these variables are addressed in Latan and Darley’s (1970) cognitive model, they are not focused on to the same extent.

Sex Workers: the Legalization of Prostitution

Iya Clarke Mrs. Peacock 4 December Sex Workers: The Legalization of Prostitution Prostitution, one of the most controversial jobs created, is often revered as one of the lowest jobs of the career totem pole. Sex workers are counted out and their voices are rarely, if ever, listened to, but no longer should sex workers be ignored. They are people too and have a lot to offer the America. Other countries have legalized prostitution and it has simply become a part of the culture, no longer looked down upon. Perhaps, the U. S. hould revisit the job of sex working, and if stigmas and judgments about the field were removed and prostitution was viewed with unbiased eyes, then the positive aspects of legalization could be considered. Sex is simply another commodity that can be bought and sold, just like anything else that is traded, and should be treated as such. With certain restrictions, if brothels were designated for certain places, had their own district outside the major cities, it coul d help uplift a forgotten community. With certain regulations and laws put in place, not only sex workers, but society as large can benefit. Sex workers are not hurting anyone and should be allowed to do what they love. the Declaration of Independence it clearly states that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. † So if sex workers are happy doing their job then who is the government to try and outlaw it? Prostituting is their way of gaining life, liberty and it is their personal way of pursing happiness. If sex workers are doing what they love, not hurting anyone, and prostituting in a safe manner then the only ethical thing to do is to legalize it. But the only reason this will not happen is because of the negative stigma attached to it. Legalizing prostitution would normalize it and the mystery about sex workers would quickly dissipate. But if it became just a regular job then a lot of the taboo allure about it would be lost. After a certain amount of time most Americans would become indifferent to the issue, similar to how the Dutch now view prostitution. According to Melanie Abrams of History Today, â€Å"research has shown that 74 per cent of the Dutch population regards prostitution as an acceptable job and prostitution has been legal in the Netherlands since 2000. † If prostitution is normalized than stereotypes and judgments will decrease about the workers, making them feel less ostracized from society and help to create a richer place with diverse groups of people. The United States claims to be an accepting place, a â€Å"melting pot,† of all kinds of people with different ideas and lifestyles, so why sex workers be put on the outskirts of society? So many of sex workers are taken advantage of and abused physically, but if prostitution was legalized than not as many woman would be injured. Everyday sex workers are beaten and abused, and the intuition who is supposed to be stopping this type of behavior, the police, is often a main perpetrator of it. The police use the power in their job title to coerce the women into illicit sexual acts so that they aren’t arrested and taken to jail. Sex workers live in fear of the possible threats from their customers and threats from the governing force, the police. Legalizing prostitution would help to eliminate abuse from both of these groups because prostitution would be seen as a legitimate job. Just as other jobs have laws to ensure the protection of them, sex workers would be granted the same rights. The workers would be able to stand up for themselves and not be afraid to call out the people who take advantage of them. Also, the countless tax dollars spent on picking up sex workers and holding them in jail could be used for something more useful. Because honestly, if a sex worker really enjoys their job, they are just going to go back out on the streets. This will only encourage a viscous cycle, that will never ever stop, and simply waste money that needs to be used in something more important. The spread of STDs, if prostitution was legalized, would decrease, due to mandatory testing. One of the greatest fears about sex workers is that the spread a large number of diseases to their customers because they do not have to use protection. But if prostitution was legalized then a system could be set up to curb the spread of STDs and STIs. The workers would have to be checked periodically to insure the spread of diseases decreased, as opposed to workers who do not have to follow any rules, because they are participating in an illegal business. In parts of Australia, where prostitution is legal, sex workers â€Å"undergo regular examinations for STIs. If these tests are not done, the brothel will not permit the sex worker to work,† and in Queensland, Australia, â€Å"sex workers in brothels are required to wear a prophylactic during any type of sexual activity. As a result, Australian sex workers now have a very low incidence of STI’s. † With many jobs people have to go undergo certain requirements whether it is periodically drug testing, or getting a background check. Prostitute are going to do their job, legal or not, so imposing a way for it to be done in healthy manner, can only be for the better and help to curb the spread of unwanted STDs and STIs. If prostitutes became a legal then sex worker s could help the economy. Just as with any other job, prostitutes would become a part of the tax paying population. Rather than making all the money under the table, which is what they do now, sex workers could help the Unites States out of the economic downturn of the past few years. They could play a vital part in helping to alleviate the billions of debt that the United States is in imagine the millions of unpaid tax dollars that is being overlooked annually because prostitution is not considered a â€Å"real job. † Finally, the United States need to understand that prostitution is as a real of a job as any and rid themselves of the judgments that have been in the culture for years. Yes, some of the workers are coerced into selling themselves on the street, but there is also a percentage of the woman enjoy the work. Some women enjoy the thrill, or simply enjoy having sex. It is their body, so who is the government to tell them what to do with it; what not to do with it? If the government was able to see past these judgments then America would be a better place for it. The spread of unwanted STIs and STDs would lessen within this field, millions; possibly billions of dollars could be made by taxing the work. And the great melting pot, which is spoken so fondly of, would become even more diverse and accepting of people. In addition, there is no legal reason for it not to be legalized. Most of the reasons for why prostituting is illegal has to deal with morals. But if people do not like the idea of sex work, then they do not have to participate in it, but ultimately it is not their decision to make. If the sex workers are of the legal age, have made this decision on their own, without being forced or coerced, then they should be able to do what makes them happy. That’s all most people search for, the thing that makes them happy, so everyone should be able to experience that without being treated terribly and dealing with the constant oppression from the society from which they live in. Works Cited Abrams, Melanie. â€Å"City Of (Red) Lights. † History Today 59. 11 (2009): 6-7. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. Sullivan, Barbara. â€Å"When (Some) Prostitution Is Legal: The Impact Of Law Reform On Sex Work In Australia. † Journal Of Law & Society 37. 1 (2010): 85-104. Sociological Collection. Web. 5 Dec. 2011.

Particularities of Starting a Small Business Assignment

Particularities of Starting a Small Business - Assignment Example In addition, business financial statements are existent to assist the owners of businesses and decision makers and are the leading business planning function (Drucker 83). For a business to grow, the business financial statements should establish the finest forms of costs, benefits of every form of finance, available finance, the responsibility of financial markets in providing finance, and the risk connected to finance. These financial statements are employed to give insight into a business’ debts and asset at a given time. Apart from that, the information on the shareholder’s equity in the business is also incorporated. A balance sheet also indicates the abilities and strengths of a business. Moreover, the balance sheet evaluates the decrease or increase in the business value from time to time. The balance sheet appraises the asset and liability composition, the value of retained earnings, and the relative equity financing and proportion of debt (Drucker 84). Income statement provides information that concerns the business income earned in a given time. In addition, income statements illustrate the expenses of the business in acquiring the shareholder earnings and income per share. More often than not, income statements give a record of incomes after a year (Drucker 86). Every expense in the income statement should be equal to the business and its functions. Cash flow statements grant an evaluation of money movement in and out of business. Cash flow statements are essential in deciding whether or not a business has the adequate finance to handle expenses, acquire assets, and pay bills (Drucker 87). The cash flow statements entail information from financial activities, operating and investing. Various entrepreneurs find fault in building forecast with the perception that it takes too much time; time that could be used for business transactions instead of planning.  

Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Film Analysis - Essay Example The preceding events claimed thousands of lives in disasters that are both natural and technological hazards. The disaster does not stop at the actual occurrence of the gas leak, the hurricane, or the tsunami. The true catastrophe sets in with the letdown of those at fault and the government agencies who failed to address the situation of the people left by the grueling devastation. The Bhopal gas leak in India occurred when a 15-year old plant released one of the most toxic chemical known to man, the MIC or Methyl isocyanate. Failing with the three safety measures that could have prevented it because of cost-cutting, 3,000 people died within hours and 300,000 more exposed on December 3, 1984. This video led me to realize that technological hazard as discussed could have catastrophic results when not taken seriously. There was poor regulation of the plant and as one of the people interviewed said, there was a problem because they weren’t able to flush water out for about 20 days, meaning there was a leak, but there was no report about it. In a country like India where a multi-national corporation such as Union Carbide sets up shop, it was also evident that there was no government accountability. CEO Warren Anderson got off virtually scot-free by paying $470M or approximately $600 per victim. He was arrested and detained luxuriously and once he posted bai l he immediately flew out of India. To this day many people are still suffering the effects of the exposure and there is nothing anyone is doing about it. This is the real tragedy that lingers on for decades (â€Å"Seconds From Disaster: Bhopal Nightmare,† 2014). In When the Levees Broke, Spike Lee chronicles the events and the lives of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina victims in New Orleans and the gulf states of Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana and Florida. The most devastated, New Orleans, suffered due to its geographical location as a

Improvement of Wheel and Joint of Luggage Assignment

Improvement of Wheel and Joint of Luggage - Assignment Example This paper relates to the process of identifying the best materials for use in luggage wheels. Its aim is to investigate and propose alternative materials that can improve the durability of luggage wheels at competitive cost. Trends in Development of Wheeled Luggage Wheeled luggage is one of the innovations created to ease travel. Over the last one hundred years, there has been an increase in the number of people travelling across the world. This is because of technological breakthrough in aviation, sailing, and motor vehicle engineering. Travelers include students, tourists, and business executives. Wheeled luggage makes traveling very convenient. It makes it easy for travelers to tow their luggage easily without straining their backs. Today, there are various versions of wheeled luggage, which include duffel bags, carry-on bags, backpacks, and totes. They all aim at making travelling easier for people. Most of them have telescopic arms that allow travelers to tow the bag without be nding. The design of the luggage wheels is the weak link in the luggage design. Once the wheels are out of service, the luggage becomes cumbersome to carry. Most of them do not have features that allow travelers to carry them easily. The choice of material for the luggage wheels determines the degree of durability of the luggage. A well-designed luggage may become useless if its wheels break down regardless of the durability of the luggage. In this sense, the life of luggage depends on the durability of the wheels. Performance Specifications of Luggage Wheels There are three key conditions that luggage wheels need to meet in order to perform optimally. These are the ability to support the weight of the luggage, ability to handle torque and friction during motion, and the capacity to carry the full weigh of the luggage without collapsing. When the luggage is in motion, the entire weight of the luggage rests on the axles of the wheel. This means that the wheels require the capacity to support this weight without breaking. The popular models of the luggage have two wheels located axially. The design of the axle must take into account the forces acting in the wheels. Poor design or poor choice of material for the axle predisposes it to sagging. In this situation, the wheels can lose their alignment leading to increase in frictional forces leading to quicker wear and tear (Ashby and Jones 418). The second performance issue is that the wheel must be able to handle torque when the luggage is in motion. The specific requirement here is the capacity to retain rigidity (Ashby and Jones 419). The wheel must also handle the shear forces on the surface and body of the wheel without losing consistency. The third aspect that the wheel must handle satisfactorily is friction between the wheels and the axle. A poor design or choice of material for the wheel may lead to enlargement of the centre of the wheel. In summary, apart from environmental factors, a luggage wheel must mee t the following performance specifications. 1. Ability to support the entire weight of the luggage 2. Ability to withstand frictional forces at the axle 3. Ability to shear forces on t

The difference between a group and a team Essay

The difference between a group and a team - Essay Example A person who fails in individual assignments may shine excellently in a group or team under the leadership of a leader. Group and team have some basic differences in their formation, functioning and objectives. In a team work all the members have equal responsibility in completing the project successfully. For example, in a marketing team of an organization, each member of the team has equal responsibility is achieving the target. They cannot put the blame entirely on the team leaders for their failures. On the other hand all the group activities are controlled and directed by a group leader and hence the group leader has more responsibility than the members to attain the group objectives. A team usually consists of people having different skills. They may function better under a team compared to individual functioning. For example in a printing unit, the production team may consist of printers, helpers, designers, materials managers, delivery boys etc. Each member has different skills which will be utilized for the benefit of the company. Team objectives may fail if one or more members fail in their missions. For example, if the materials managers failed to procure the materials in time the production may be disturbed. If either the printer or the helper fails to execute their responsibilities properly, then also the production process may be affected. Group on the other hand consists of people having similar skills. For example, in an organization the accounts department may consist of 5 – 10 accountants under an accounts manager or financial controller. The accounts manager/ financial controller distribute the works to the group members and he is responsible for handling the entire finance matters of the company. In case of a financial problem, he cannot blame the group members since all of them work under the strict

The market mechanism is the only effective way to allocate resources Essay

The market mechanism is the only effective way to allocate resources. Discuss - Essay Example 8). This essay looks into the various aspects of the competitive market economy and analyses the fact that the resources can be allocated most efficiently if the economy operates in a competitive framework. Discussion and Analysis In a free market economy the price and the quantity of the product demanded is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. According to the theory of demand as the price of a product increases the quantity demanded for the product gets reduced. On the other hand, other things remaining constant as the price of a product decreases the demand for the product increases. The inverse relationship between the price and the demand for a commodity gives rise to a downward sloping demand curve. The supply curve for a commodity is however upward rising curve. The equilibrium price and quantity is determined by the interaction of the demand and the supply curves (Samuelson and ?Nordhaus, 2010, p. 57). This market mechanism has been explained with the help of the following diagram. Figure 1: Interaction of Demand and Supply Source: Besanko and Braeutigam, 2010, p. 36 In the figure it is seen that the initial demand curve id D1 and the initial supply curve is S. Now the market will reach equilibrium at the point A where the quantity demanded for the product would match the quantity supplied. At this point the quantity demanded would be Q1 and the quantity supplied would also be Q1. The price at which the market equilibrium would be reached is P1. This price is neither determined by the buyers or the sellers but the combined forces of the demand and supply existing in the market. Now suppose the market demand for the product increases from D1 to D2, with the same level of market supply the price of the product will increase to P1 and the quantity demanded of the product would increase from Q1 to Q2. Hence the new market equilibrium would be changed to B. At the point B the quantity demanded would match the market supply. The demand curve would shift to the right due to a variety of reasons. When the income of the individuals increase the disposable income of the people would increase and it would lead to a rise in the demand for a particular product. Similarly the supply of products may also decrease due to a variety of reasons. When the price of the raw materials increases the firms are not able to supply the product at the same cost. Thus the supply decreases. As a result the equilibrium price and quantity would undergo change. Figure 2: Shifts in the Supply Curve Source: Besanko and Braeutigam, 2010, p. 36 In this figure the reduction in the supply of the commodity pushes the supply curve to the left. The quantity supply reduces from Q1 to Q2 but the price increases from P1 to P2. Therefore at the same level of market demand the new equilibrium is formed at the point B. The demand and supply forces would act naturally in a free market where there are no restrictions by the government. This is true for the perfect ly competitive markets where none of the buyers or the sellers has the power to control the price in the market. Therefore a competitive market is one in which there would be large number of buyers and sellers (Petri, 2004, p. 77). The sellers would have their aim to maximise the profit of

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing - Assignment Example Alternatively, the implementation plan must fit in the expected standard that takes care of smooth technological integration, institutional organizational compatibility, transition management, flexibility, knowledge, and software solution. Assessing the status of the application of the EMR at Betsy Johnson Regional Hospital for its relevance in terms of learning outcomes, there are several missing items for a standard model. On one hand, the time used to put together the EMR design is just six months which could implicate the rest of the system implementation. On the other hand, internal expertise was entirely applied in the completion which poses questions on the competitiveness of the final product. It could have taken a better direction if an assessment was conducted to reveal cost benefit analysis position interrogating outsourcing alternatives. In this respect, only EMR software is reported to have involved a vendor from outside the hospital, with unclear role and connection o the set team. Internal design issues however may have prompted the use of internal resources and expertise to the advantage of the institution. Relevance and completeness can therefore be assessed on the generation of resources and competen ce applied amid successes elsewhere in the generation of the best possible product. Apparently, the most talked about constraint in any information system such as EMR involves financial inadequacy by the implementing institution. Once the funding obstacle is overcome at some level however, the most potent challenge is usually the integration into the existing system as well as the acceptability with which the human resource adopts the new system (Blumenthal and Glaser, 2007). At Betsy Johnson Regional Hospital, the system challenge of implementation and possible resistance of the sudden change is not highlighted. Whereas approval or rejection may not necessarily be a measure of

Self Control Theory of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self Control Theory of Crime - Essay Example According to Hirschi (1969), processes of socialization result in the development of self control which causes us to avert from criminal behavior. Criminal behavior occurs when moral codes and shared norms are not internalized and when individuals are not incorporated into a community (Nye, 1958, p. 4). Social control theory derives from Hobbes’ social contract theory, which claims that our desire to belong to society causes us to sacrifice the freedom to act as we please in order to promote our co-existence. We do not act in a way that damages the freedom of those around us, and in doing so we become â€Å"contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself" (Hobbes, 1985, p. 1651). Indeed, self control theory claims that a society’s norms must be ‘concrete’ enough to be effective and to prevent criminal behavior (Reiss, 1994). Garland views social control theory as â€Å"†¦a functioning system†¦which is also dependent on other forms and other social relations† (1993, p. 283). Social control thus adds a two-faceted dimension to the concept of criminal behavior. For example, it is a valid element of knowledge that criminal behavior if detected will attract sanctions. ... l norm which recognize â€Å"the competence of inner-city communities to control law enforcement† (Waldeck, 1999, p.2; Wilson and Kelling, 1982, pp.29-31). Conflict Theory Conflict theory mainly derives from Marx’s claim that crime is inevitable in societies which are capitalist. This is because such societies cause some groups to become segregated and less equal than others. Members of such groups may thus turn to criminal behavior in order to establish material equality with other groups. Conflict theory is based on the core notion that social contracts do not exist between citizens and the state, and because societies continually change, this causes social conflicts to arise. Citizens from different social classes, with different interests are a part of society, but their interests often do not correspond (Sellin, 1983). On the contrary, the lack of common interests between individuals and classes causes conflict (Vold, 1958). A society is collective in that the acti ons of its individual members cause it to progress – it is essentially limited to the actions of its individuals. Depending on which group or class has access to the coercion of the law, inequality may arise and cause those who are less equal to be oppressed. This inequality causes the conflict which in turn causes individuals to commit crime in an attempt to re establish equality. Reiman describes the conflict theory as â€Å"The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison† (2000); he portrays crime as the result of a struggle between crime and formal laws which govern when it occurs and how it is to be punished. Rather than being a collective social concept, crime is defined by elite groups which prohibit behavior which has the potential to damage their interests. Crimes such as theft and trespass are

Fox's Book of Martyrs Religious Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fox's Book of Martyrs Religious - Essay Example The main objective of writing this book is to attack the Roman Catholic Church and it' s hypocritical values. The writer has given detailed accounts of the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church and also the illegal or unethical ways; the Popes resorted to, to attain the position of Pope. The motive behind writing this book was to create awareness amongst the masses to rise against the tyrannical rule of the Romans. Fox himself was the victim of the unjust rule of the king and the notorious Bishop. Bishop had made an unsuccessful attempt of nabbing Fox and persecuting him. He was lucky enough to escape from his country. Being the witness of such gruesome incidents, he was provoked to write a book, and he did this with utmost dedication and sincerity. He even neglected his health and continued writing for this noble cause. The book speaks of the atrocities of Queen Mary on the Protestants and about the cruel Bishop Bonner. It was only after the accession of Queen Mary to the throne t hat the reign of terror began. For the sake of restoring the supremacy of the Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church, she ordered the persecution of those who protested against her power and Roman Catholicism. Hundreds of Protestants were burnt alive during her reign. It is really ironical that both the Romans and the Protestants fought in the name of God but Romans followed the unethical way and massacred those who followed the right path as directed by God. Although they shared common values, their motive was eclipsed by the vices like that of thirst for power and they adopted immoral ways to restore their supremacy. Thus this book not only deals with the tyranny of the Romans but also it speaks about the bravery of the martyrs who sacrificed their lives for the sake of their God and his Gospels. This book appeals not only to the heart but also to the head or mind of every Englishmen. The work of Fox was so appealing and so realistic that it was ordered that his work be displa yed along with the Bible in the churches and all public places where people could read the book. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the Englishmen accepted this book as an expression of national faith, second in place to the Bible. Whenever an Englishman entered any church, he discovered for himself about the ruthless behavior of Roman Catholics and about the valor of the Martyrs. The aim of this book was not merely to glorify the Protestants and undermine the Romans, but also about the human values as a whole as suggested by the Almighty. In the first part of the book, in the early Christian days we come across the saints like St. Stephen, James The Great, St. Luke, St. Philip, St. Mathew, James The Less, St. Peter and St. Paul etc. St. Stephen was stoned to death by the murderers of Christ, just because he tried to preach the Gospels of Christ to them in a faithful manner. Immediately after the persecution of St. Stephen all those who professed their beliefs in Jesus Christ as their Lord, had to face martyrdom. After 10 years of the persecution of St. Stephen, James the Great was beheaded. He was the son of Zebede and relative of Christ. He was beheaded by Herod Agrippa, the Governor of Judea. Agrippa used the strategy of attacking the leaders of the

Violence in sports Essay Example for Free

Violence in sports Essay With the increase in society taking a stance against violence by many people, sports has become an area where some feel that the violent acts such as the hitting and fighting that occurs should be eliminated. You can not change something that has been around for so long because it would change the aspect of the game to something completely different. The elimination of violence should not be done in sport because the violence is a part of the game which would only hurt its popularity. The reasons that the violence is occurring in sport is due to six theories according to John Schneider. The violence in sport mirrors the violence found in society, violence as the result of economic incentives, the influence of crowd behavior on player violence, genetic causation for player aggression, learning theory and player aggression, and psychological stress and player violence (Lapchick 230). The theories of sport mirroring society, violence as a result of economic incentive, and the influence of the crowd behavior are the theories that I feel are responsible for the increasing violence in sports. Most people when involved in a highly stressful situation where violence is around would  probably resort to a fight to resolve their differences. In sport, why should we expect any difference. In events such as hockey games, where people are expected to hit and make body contact, sooner or later a fight will break out and the fans will yell and scream for their favorite player involved. Like anything, if people around us are applauding us for a certain act we have done, we will try to do it over so that we will continue to be praised. In sports, there are some players whose only role on the team is to protect and enforce the unwritten rules of the game such as in hockey where it is not right to fight  or hit a Wayne Gretezy or Mario Lemieux type of star player! . His economic incentive is to protect the team and if he does not, a new line of work might be in the future. All three of those theories relate closely to the role of the fighter in sport and why it is that he does commit the acts of violence. When leagues such as the National Football League (NFL) or the National Hockey League (NHL) are asked to try and remove the violence from their sport, they are hesitant because it is not what the fans want. Bryant and Zillman report that television viewers enjoy NFL plays more when they are rough and  violent (McPherson 294). Why should these leagues remove the violence that is occurring if they are making money and keeping people employed. The fans of the games want to see these situations and eliminating the fighting aspect would hurt the support. When I watch a hockey game or any other sporting event with contact, there is nothing better than seeing a good fight take place. One of the best-selling videos in parts of the Northeastern United States has been a collection of the best fights in the NHL (McPherson 294). Even former NHL president Clarence Campbell felt that the violence taking place in his sport was  called for and was reluctant to remove the fighting and the body contact because he knew that it is what the majority of hockey fans want. Fighting is a well-established safety valve for players. If violence ceases to exist, it will not be the same game. Insofar as fighting is part of the show, we certainly sell it. We do not promote it. We tolerate it and we bring it under disciplinary control which we believe satisfies the public (Snyder 201). Its better that the violence take place between two willing combatants such as in sports than in a situation involving spousal abuse where the majority of the times the  female is being attacked against her consent. Allowing people not to be able vent their frustrations through sport in my mind would increase the violence that is happening away from the playing field. It is a known fact that sports does keep kids off the street and away from gangs which is why you see so many athletic and boxing clubs being run out of the inner city. It is allowing the youth to take that hostility out on a willing participant who is ready and consenting rather than against an innocent bystander. Some individuals have gone as far as saying that sport is creating a deviant subculture wherethese athletes are becoming the opposite of what was intended for them. The emphasis in formalized sport on victory may, in fact, promote deviant behavior and poor sportsmanship (Snyder 101). I would have to totally disagree with the above quote because being an athlete myself, I can never recall a time when I could have related my deviant behavior to my sporting past. Sports does not promote poor sportsmanship, it creates a drive to succeed within yourself and to try to do the best at whatever you do whether it be in sports, school or at a job. The violence that is occurring today is not occurring more than it  was ten or twenty years ago like some people might suggest, it is only being shown and talked about more by the mass media. If there is one group to blame for the increase in violence I feel that it would be the media, not the athletes themselves. If you turn on the television to watch a sportscast, it will always glorify an act of violence like a hit of the night or repeats of some type of fight whether it be in hockey, boxing or a bench-clearing brawl in baseball. I can recall on numerous occasions where the media has hyped up a hockey game involving two tough guys and creating a hysteria in sporting world wanting  to see the outcome of the fight. Is this wrong for the media to be encouraging and glorifying the violence in sport? I dont think so because the fans want to see it and like it or not, it is here to stay. Look at sports like boxing for example, who relies on the media to increase the sports fans interest in an upcoming match. When you can only fit approximately 17,000 people into a Las Vegas boxing arena, the money is not made at the gate (Lunney 39). Millions and millions of dollars are gathered from pay-per- view television where again millions of spectators are waiting to see the outcome  of a match like the one two weeks ago involving Mike Tyson and Frank Bruno where Tyson made an easy $30 million Lunney 39). We as society are attracted to this sort of sport violence and there is nothing we can do about it to change it. Should we take steps to discourage the violence in sports is a question that is being asked today due to the glorification of certain events like University of Moncton-University of Prince Edward Island hockey game where a referee was assaulted on the ice after disallowing then allowing the same goal. This kind of violence occurs very little in the sport of hockey considering the  amount of games that are played throughout the year. Sure there are acts like these but they are not the norm. It would be hard to eliminate violence that is in sport because it has been there for so long and is a part of the game. Fans do not want to see it be removed because it is sometimes the only part of the game that is interesting if the game is dull. Players know that a good, solid hit or a bit fight can sometimes put momentum on their side giving them extra drive to pull ahead in the game. Violence in sport is not having a negative effect on society, it is only allowing fans to !enjoy themselves while they are watching a particular sport. Yes there are instances where players and fans do go overboard and get carried away causing fights and sometimes riots, but it is not very often. When it does happen, it is glorified so that people think sports are played by bozos and goons who can only fight. The violence that is in sport is here to stay and should be left that way so that the real fans who know what is going on can enjoy the sport that they have took an interest in instead of media types and others who do not have a clue in what they are talking about when saying that the violence in sports should be eliminated.